Sweat and Dust
La sueur et la poussière
An environmental history of work and labour
Une histoire environnementale des mondes du travail
Published on Wednesday, September 27, 2023
Abstract
The Réseau universitaire de chercheurs et chercheuses en histoire environnementale (RUCHE, French-speaking network in environmental history, founded in 2009) and the Association française pour l’histoire des mondes du travail (AFHMT, French network for work and labour history, founded in 2013), organize this international joint conference, which aims to put this interdependence into historical perspective. Its ambition is, on the one hand, to contribute to a stronger dialogue between these two major historiographical fields (work/labour and the environment) and, on the other hand, to bring back on the agenda the long-standing but yet unachieved project of an environmental history of work.
Announcement
Argument
In the spring of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in a slowdown in global traffic and a temporary disruption of a number of productive activities, leading to unprecedented environmental phenomena such as a temporary drop in greenhouse gas emissions and the incursion of wild animals into the heart of large cities around the world. In this context, the issue of work has become a major focus of public debate. Right from the start of the pandemic, the interruption of most productive activities provided an opportunity to reactivate the debate on the definition of essential needs and 'front line' workers facing the virus. After the lockdown, the 'big quit' phenomenon led to labour shortage in a wide variety of sectors and in areas as diverse as North America and SouthEast Asia. Often silent, this disengagement of many workers from their jobs has recently been expressed more loudly, notably through exhortations to quit occupations accused of worsening global warming. The experience of the pandemic and its consequences have provided material to question the meaning of work and its purposes in an environmental perspective (Coutrot and Pérez, 2022; Cukier et al., 2023). While work is frequently presented as a factor in the systematic degradation of nature, these various factors testify, on the contrary, to a deep interdependence between human activities and their environment.
Background
Richard White suggested in the 1990s that ‘work, then, is where we should begin’ (White, 1996). He meant both the structured and purposive work provided by human societies and the work of nature itself and all the beings that inhabit it. Focusing in particular on the working practices of shepherds, peasants, woodcutters, fishermen and hunters, as well as industrial workers and miners, he emphasised how these practices had not only been the main historical vector in the transformation and understanding of the environment, but had also contributed to constantly redrawing the dividing lines between the wild and the domestic, or the natural and the artificial (White, 1996). Almost at the same time, Arthur McEvoy proposed an 'ecological approach' to the issues of hygiene and health in order to write a history of the 'working environments' of the past (McEvoy, 1995). Marco Armiero, as for him, urged historians of fishing to account for the ways in which the sea's resources were activated, using a 'cultural ecology' approach paying attention to the dialectical structure of environments and forms of professional organisation (Armiero, 1998). In the wake of these proposals, a number of approaches have already been explored with a view to writing an environmental history of work. An initial body of research has been devoted to the issue of industrial hygiene, seen as a historical laboratory for examining the health conditions of workers and their living and working environments (Sellers, 1999; Moriceau, 2009; Massard-Guilbaud, 2010; Rainhorn, 2019). Other scholars have questioned the role of specific occupations in the production of scholarly or subaltern naturalist knowledge (White, 1995; Schneider, 2000; McKenzie, 2010; Barnett, 2020), as well as in the preservation of natural resources (Judd, 1997; Faget, 2011; Payne, 2013; Grancher, 2018; Rivoal, 2022). Others have shown the emergence of collective mobilisations combining social and environmental justice issues within the world of labour (Barca, 2015; Bécot, 2015; Davigo, 2017; Elsig et al., 2019). The global history of work/labour, which has emerged in recent years as a particularly dynamic research trend (van der Linden, 2012, 2022; Beckert, 2015; Lucassen, 2016; Stanziani, 2020, 2021), has highlighted the issues at stake and the historiographical potential of this field. Finally, more recent research has explored the imperial and colonial contexts in which forms of domination and labour are exerted both on nature and on those who are forced to exploit it in order to convert it into a resource (Demuth, 2019; Crawford, 2021; Fernando, 2022).
Meanwhile, a number of authors have attempted to develop a conceptual framework common to labour history and environmental history. Without explicitly referring to Tim Ingold's ‘taskscape’ (Ingold, 1993; Gruppuso and Whitehouse, 2020), Thomas Andrews introduced the concept of ‘workscape’, a “concept [that] treats people as laboring beings who have changed and been changed in turn by a natural world that remains always under construction.” (Andrews, 2008: 125). Others have endeavoured to synthesise, in increasingly dense historiographical reviews, the main contributions of research undertaken at the crossroads of these two fields (Peck, 2006; Montrie, 2008; Barca, 2014; Brown and Klubock, 2014; Andrews, 2014; Bécot, 2022). Their interest lies in providing a comprehensive overview of the rich and diverse research conducted, but also in identifying shortcomings specific to the environmental history of work that they promote, the latter still being predominantly a human, muscular and masculine history in the modern Western nations.
The goal of this conference is to explore the avenues mentioned above and to open up new research perspectives while avoiding or correcting these reading biases, for example by focusing on animal labour and interspecies relations (Baratay, 2011; Jarrige, 2022), intellectual labour (Ribard, 2005; Dagget, 2019) or women’s labour (Schwerdtner Máñez and Pauwelussen, 2016). Paper proposals may: 1) cover all historical periods and geographical areas; 2) deal with a wide range of human and non-human workers involved in a variety of workplaces and relations; and 3) compare societies and periods regarding the diversity of their relations to ‘work’ and ‘nature’. The scientific committee will be particularly receptive to papers proposing a critical and decentred approach to these categories, which are rooted in Western culture. It will also ensure that the selected papers reflect a variety of approaches, disciplines (provided there is a historical perspective) and scales of analysis, from the micro-history of working environments to the global and connected history of occupational migration.
The papers may fall under one of the following headings, neither exhaustive nor restrictive. Nature at work
One of the key challenges of the conference will be to reveal even more the ‘connections of our labor and nature’s labor’, as Richard White invited us to do in his 1996 seminal article. To achieve this, we will consider labour activities as a set of practices, knowledge, technologies and institutions that have historically contributed to the use of nature as a resource, i.e. to its exploitation, but also to its development and improvement with an aim to making it more productive. The links between methods of developing environments and social, political and professional patterns will certainly be at the heart of the discussion. The attempt, however, is to reformulate it through a series of questions concerning the work of nature itself. Investigations into the environmental history on the notions of nature’s ‘resources’, ‘gift’, ‘yield’ or ‘product’, for example, would undoubtedly help us to better historicise the representations of putting nature to work (Vatin, 2013; Arnoux, 2023). From another angle, it might be interesting to use animal studies to question the work of animals, whether wild (bees, beavers, termites, etc.) or domestic (horses, mules, dogs, etc.). A final avenue might be to consider how nature itself sets limits, or even resists, to its work, which may be opposed, or at least constrained, by the materiality of some environments, the seasonality of some processes or the reluctance of some species.
Working environments
Drawing on historical geography, numerous studies in history or rural anthropology have shown how agrarian or pastoral work has long shaped environments and landscapes, and must be seen as hybrid forms resulting from processes that are both natural and social (Digard, 1982; Barca, 2013; Stagno et al., 2021). William Cronon proposed to theorise this with the notion of ‘second nature’ in Nature’s Metropolis (Cronon, 1991). Authors in other fields of research have developed conceptual tools to consider the ecology of workplaces (McEvoy, 1995; Andrews, 2008), while the history of health has brought new questions to bear on the materiality of workplaces (Bluma and Rainhorn, 2015). On this basis, the aim of this conference is to explore the environmental history of workplaces and workspaces from the field to the factory, the ship or the mine. One option, among others, will be to examine the creation of environments through the work of humans and their non-human auxiliaries, with particular emphasis on the development, improvement and maintenance, of productive spaces and their infrastructures (such as dykes and canals, for example). We aim to understand here the routine management of these areas, which does not exclude paying attention to the way in which some extractive or industrial activities may have contributed to the degradation and pollution, or even the complete devastation of some areas, as in the case of intensive agriculture whose deleterious effects on soils have long been identified (Worster, 1979; Grove, 1995).
Socio-environmental conflicts at work
In the analysis of socio-environmental conflicts lies another possible promising approach for an environmental history of work. Few studies have focused on conflicts between socio-occupational groups over the use of a particular environment. Some authors have proposed the notion of 'moral ecology' in order to understand the driving forces behind these mobilisations (Jacoby, 2003; Santiago, 2006), but it would be useful to further investigate the tensions that may arise, for example, between farmers or fishermen and recent industrial workers during the industrialisation in specific areas: what kind of agreements are reached (or not) between these communities? Following on from recent work on the history of pollution (Jarrige and Le Roux, 2017) or health (Sellers, 1997; Markowitz and Rosner, 2002), it might also be interesting to consider cases where occupational and environmental health issues could be jointly researched. Finally, the environmental implications of deindustrialisation can be explored. On the one hand, the shutdown of factories that once played a key role in the social and economic life sometimes reveals the extent of nuisances that have long gone unspoken (Rainhorn and Dumontier, 2013; High et al., 2017; Marichalar, 2017). On the other hand, it can result in relocations to other countries, particularly in the global South (Sellers and Melling, 2012), a process that involves together an impact on the environment and the use of specific forms of labour.
Towards a history of environmental work
Lastly, the aim of this conference is to combine the approaches relating to an environmental history of work with those relating to what we propose to call a ‘history of environmental work’, considering as work the activities of guarding, surveillance and protection, but also of inventory, cartography, expertise and even engineering that aim to preserve, conserve or restore the natural environment. By focusing on a whole range of actors whose job it is to look after and care for the natural environment in various ways — foresters, game keepers or fisheries wardens, engineers, administrators, scientists (ecologists, climatologists, etc.) —, the aim is not only to examine the dynamics of increasing professional standards that have led to nature management becoming a profession in itself, but also to reopen the discussion on the history of the ‘ecological knowledge’ held and produced by those who work in contact with nature.
Contribution guidelines
The conference will be held in French and English. Proposals from doctoral candidates and early career researchers are particularly welcome. The travel expenses will be adjusted according to the budget.
Submissions (title of the paper, maximum 400 words abstract, short CV) should be sent to sueur.poussiere@gmail.com by December 1st, 2023. A reply will be given by January 30th, 2024.
Organising Committee
- Renaud BÉCOT (Sciences Po Grenoble/UMR 5194 Pacte)
- Romain GRANCHER (CNRS/UMR 5136 Framespa)
- Judith RAINHORN (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne/CHS - UMR 8058)
- Solène RIVOAL (INUC/UMR 5136 Framespa)
Scientific Committee
- Didier BOISSEUIL (Université de Tours/EA 6298 Cethis)
- Jack BOUCHARD, (Rutgers University, USA)
- Camille FAUROUX (UT2J/ UMR 5136 Framespa)
- Adeline GRAND-CLÉMENT (UT2J/EA 4606 PLH)
- François JARRIGE (Université de Bourgogne/ UMR 7366 LIR3S)
- Claire JUDDE DE LARIVIERE (UT2J/UMR 5136 Framespa)
- Matti LEPRETRE (EHESS/UMR 8211 Cermes3)
- Thomas LE ROUX (EHESS/UMR 8558 CRH)
- Corine MAITTE (Université Gustave Eiffel/ EA 3350 Analyse comparée des pouvoirs)
- Charles-François MATHIS (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne/UMR 8066 IHMC)
- Emmanuelle PEREZ-TISSERANT (UT2J/UMR 5136 Framespa)
- Violette POUILLARD (CNRS/ UMR 5190 Larha)
- Marguerite RONIN (CNRS/UMR 7041 Arscan)
- Francesca SANNA (UT2J/UMR 5136 Framespa)
- Alessandro STANZIANI (EHESS/UMR 8558 CRH)
- Laure TEULLIERES (UT2J/ UMR 5136 Framespa)
- Sandrine VICTOR (INUC/UMR 5136 Framespa)
- Molly WARSH (University of Pittsburg)
- Bruno ZIGLIOLI (University of Pavia)
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Subjects
- History (Main category)
- Periods > Prehistory and Antiquity
- Periods > Middle Ages
- Periods > Early modern
- Periods > Modern
- Society > History > Labour history
- Society > Geography > Nature, landscape and environment
Places
- Toulouse, France (31)
Event attendance modalities
Full on-site event
Date(s)
- Friday, December 01, 2023
Attached files
Keywords
- travail, environnement, histoire, environnementale, monde,
Contact(s)
- Romain Grancher
courriel : romain [dot] grancher [at] cnrs [dot] fr
Information source
- Romain Grancher
courriel : romain [dot] grancher [at] cnrs [dot] fr
License
This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal.
To cite this announcement
« Sweat and Dust », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Wednesday, September 27, 2023, https://doi.org/10.58079/1bvr