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Sore losers in democracy: denial of defeat and post-electoral crises

Les mauvais perdants en démocratie : refus de la défaite et crises post-électorales

“Nomopolis” journal

Revue « Nomopolis »

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Published on Tuesday, January 09, 2024

Abstract

Trump’s reluctance to concede defeat in the 2020 US presidential election, his supporters’ assault on the Capitol on January 6, 2021, as well as the attack of former president Bolsonaro’s supporters on the federal government buildings in January 2023, all raise questions about the rejection of alternation, the political and legal contestation of electoral results and the different types of crises that may ensue. Through the notion of “sore loser”, this second issue of Nomopolis aims to examine the modalities and stakes of these sequences in which candidates, parties or voters break with the normal and peaceful functioning of liberal democracy.

Announcement

Argument

Trump's reluctance to concede defeat in the 2020 US presidential election, his supporters' assault on the Capitol on January 6, 2021, as well as the attack of former president Bolsonaro's supporters on the federal government buildings in January 2023, all raise questions about the rejection of alternation, the political and legal contestation of electoral results and the different types of crises that may ensue.

Through the notion of “sore loser”, this second issue of Nomopolis aims to examine the modalities and stakes of these sequences in which candidates, parties or voters break with the normal and peaceful functioning of liberal democracy. This can be done using the concept of “contested” or “disputed elections”, characterised by “contests involving major challenges, with different degrees of severity, to the legitimacy of electoral actors, procedures, or outcomes” (Norris, Franck and Martinez i Coma, 2015).

Topics proposals

Several areas of analysis can therefore be addressed.

  • The first area might concerns the explanatory factors for post-electoral contestation. For example, one may examine the link between the longevity of democratic institutions and the consent to defeat (Anderson and Mendes, 2006). Similarly, the nature of the result (especially if it is close, or even unexpected) may contribute to its rejection (Mongrain, 2023). More broadly, reasoning in terms of the “winner-loser gap” could be enlightening (Nadeau, Daoust and Dassonneville 2023): the lack of regularity in alternation, of prospects for coalitions (in non-consensualist systems) or of “fallback” mandates (at local level), as well as the absence of opposition rights, are all elements likely to maximise dissatisfaction with defeat (Gandrud, 2012). 
  • A second area will concern the repertoires of protest. The aim is to explore the range of ways in which electoral results are rejected (Chernykh, 2014): media protests, boycotts of the second round of voting, refusal to sit in assemblies, legal appeals before electoral or constitutional courts (Erlich, Kerr and Park, 2019; Hernandez-Huerta, 2017), calls for peaceful protests or demonstrations of strength, violence and institutional crises, for example in the case of secessionist tensions. It will be interesting here to examine the sociological characteristics of protesters: are there post-electoral contest specialists who make it the driving force behind their careers (Gallardo and Louault, 2019)? 
  • The third area will focus on the consequences of these sequences for the democratic system. If elections help to pacify antagonisms (Mouffe, 2013), then it is essential to consider to what extent the refusal to accept defeat goes hand in hand with a re-polarization of the public arena. Moreover, the actions of “sore losers” could fuel mistrust toward the whole electoral system (Hernandez-Huerta and Canu, 2022), or even signal a growing disaffection with democracy (Przeworski, 2009). The specific role of so-called “populist” candidates or parties needs to be examined here in the light of the “cultural backlash” thesis (Ingelhart and Norris, 2019), without overlooking certain nuances, as these political profiles are not systematically “sore losers” (Werner and Jacobs, 2021).

Submission guidelines

The Reading Committee will examine all papers dealing with these issues from the different areas of law and political science. Comparative approaches are particularly encouraged.

  • Deadline for proposal submission (one page): April 1, 2024 at the following address: nomopolis@gmail.com
  • Proposals will be evaluated by the Editorial Board which will give a first feedback. 
  • Articles can be in English or in French.

Editorial Board

Directeur de publication

  • François Hourmant (Université d’Angers)

Rédacteur en chef

  • Erwan Sommerer (Université d’Angers)

Membres

  • Caroline Duparc (Université d’Angers)
  • Jean Fougerouse (Université d’Angers)
  • Rosane Gauriau (Université d’Angers)
  • Sophie Lamber-Wiber (Université d’Angers)

Scientific Committee

  • Myriam Aït-Aoudia (Université de Picardie)
  • Angelica Bernal (Etats-Unis – University of Massachusetts Amherst)
  • Frédéric Boily (Canada – Université de l’Alberta)
  • Anne-Sophie Chambost (Sciences po Lyon)
  • Gabriela Neves Delgado (Brésil – University of Brasília)
  • José Luis Cea Egaña (Chili – Universidad Católica de Chile)
  • Bernard Gauriau (France – Université d’Angers)
  • Feliciano Guilherme Guimarães (Brésil – University of São Paulo Law School)
  • Andreas Kalyvas (Etats-Unis – The New School of Social Research)
  • Olivier Lecucq (France – Université de Pau)
  • Arnaud Martin (France – Université de Bordeaux)
  • Alina Miron (France – Université d’Angers)
  • Humberto Nogueira (Chili – Universidad de Talca)
  • Jean-Yves Pranchère (Belgique – Université Libre de Bruxelles)
  • Guillaume Rousseau (Québec – Université de Sherbrooke)
  • Mana Shimaoka (Japon- Université d’Osaka)
  • James C. Scott (Etats-Unis – Yale University)
  • Vassili Tokarev (Russie – Université de Moscou)
  • Miguel Vatter (Australie – Deakin University)
  • Illan Wall (Royaume-Uni -University of Warwick)

References

  • Anderson Christopher J., Mendes Silvia M., “Learning to Lose: Election Outcomes, Democratic Experience and Political Protest Potential”, British Journal of Political Science, 36, 1, 2006, 91-111.
  • Chernykh Svitlana, “When Do Political Parties Protest Election Results?”, Comparative Political Studies, 47, 10, 2013, 1359–1383.
  • Erlich Aaron, Kerr Nicholas, Parka Saewon, “Weaponizing Election Petitions”, Annual MPSA Meetings, Chicago, 2019 [en ligne].
  • Gallardo Myers Alfonso et Louault Frédéric, “La trajectoire contestataire d’Andrés Manuel López Obrador et l’élection présidentielle de 2006 au Mexique”, in Pellen Cédric et Louault Frédéric (dir.), La défaite électorale, Rennes, PUR, 2019, 57-71.
  • Gandrud Christopher, “Two sword lengths apart: Credible commitment problems and physical violence in democratic national legislatures”, Journal of Peace Research, 3, 51, 2016, 130-145.
  • Hernández-Huerta Victor, “Judging Presidential Elections Around the World: An Overview”, Election Law Journal, 16, 3, 2017, 377-396.
  • Hernández-Huerta Victor, Cantu Francisco, “Public Distrust in Disputed Journals Elections: Evidence from Latin America”, British Journal of Political Science, 52, 4, 2022, 1923-1930.
  • Inglehart Ronald, Norris, Pippa (eds), Cultural Backlash : Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
  • Mongrain, Philippe, “Suspicious Minds: Unexpected Election Outcomes, Perceived Electoral Integrity and Satisfaction With Democracy in American Presidential Elections”, Political Research Quarterly, 2023 [en ligne].
  • Mouffe Chantal, Agonistics, London, Verso, 2013.
  • Nadeau Richard, Daoust Jean-François, Dassonneville Ruth, “Winning, Losing, and the Quality of Democracy”, Political Studies, 71, 2, 2023, 483–500.
  • Norris Pippa, Frank Richard W., Martinez i Coma Ferran (eds), Contentious Elections, London, Routledge, 2015.
  • Przeworski Adam, “Why Do Political Parties Obey Results of Elections?”, in Maravall José et Przeworski Adam (eds) Democracy and the Rule of Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 114-144.
  • Werner Hannah, Jacobs Kristof, “Are Populists Sore Losers? Explaining Populist Citizens' Preferences for and Reactions to Referendums”, British Journal of Political Science, 3, 52, 2022, 1409-1417.

Date(s)

  • Monday, April 01, 2024

Keywords

  • droit, science politique, élections, défaite électorale, alternance, crise post-électorale, mauvais perdants

Contact(s)

  • Erwan Sommerer
    courriel : erwan [dot] sommerer [at] univ-angers [dot] fr

Reference Urls

Information source

  • Erwan Sommerer
    courriel : erwan [dot] sommerer [at] univ-angers [dot] fr

License

CC0-1.0 This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal.

To cite this announcement

« Sore losers in democracy: denial of defeat and post-electoral crises », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Tuesday, January 09, 2024, https://doi.org/10.58079/vk0n

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