HomeThe Multiple Lives of Glass

The Multiple Lives of Glass

Les multiples vies du verre

Historical perspective on recycling (Antiquity-1960)

Histoire de recyclages (Antiquité-1960)

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Abstract

The 4th Verre & Histoire conference will focus on the history of glass recycling. It aims to explore the various facets of this recycling: glass as a raw material which, in the form of cullet, enters the process of its own manufacture, as well as glass as a container which led to the organisation of collection networks on an industrial scale, from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. Furthermore, glass, when repurposed, leads to the creation of original artistic objects. For whilst current European regulations take glass recycling into account, and whilst glass is certainly present in people’s minds, the history of glass recycling deserves a specific, comprehensive study that highlights its recycling qualities—qualities that are both early, infinite and multifaceted. 

 

Announcement

Orleans, 3, 4 and 5 June 2027 

Argument

Overconsumption and the promotion of disposables have made our societies aware of the major need to recycle (Monsaingeon). According to Recyclage, the French Academy defines "the action of processing a substance or product that has already been used in order to allow its reuse." Both raw material and a product, glass opens the field of possibilities. In the very process of its manufacture, glass requires the addition of broken glass, that is to say, the "recovery of raw materials" (recycling), and, as shaped glass, it undergoes a "lateral recycling" (lateral cycling; reusing), which implies a possible change of hands, without alteration of form or function (Schiffer, Smail et al.). But alongside these two lives, the glass object can be "recovered" and give rise to other uses not originally envisaged which, most often, involve a change in form and substance. Indeed, it allows, in a more unexpected ontological cycle, the practice of ' a different use or repurposing' (Schiffer, Smail et al., Hay, Chini).  

If current European regulations take glass recycling into account, and if glass is indeed recognized in people's minds, the history of glass recycling deserves a comprehensive specific study that highlights its recycling qualities, both early (cullet/cullet enters the production chain from the very beginning), infinite, and lateral. In the past twenty to thirty years, pioneering and decisive work in archaeometry has advanced knowledge of glass recycling during Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, and beyond, whether in the Near and Middle East, in the West (Freestone, Ceglia, Pactat), in Africa, or in the Indian Ocean (Dussubieux, Craig, Schibille). They emphasized the originality of the blue glass circuit (Whitehouse, Velde, Gratuze, Billegaray), as well as the mastery of recycling in Venice (Verità & Biron). Rich articles, most of them old, have, for their part, provided information on the domestic and inventive reuse of bottles and flasks in the New World and on the organization of their collection by industrialists, from the 18th century to the mid-20th century (Busch, Stuart). In this type of practice, the case of Europe has only been superficially addressed.

Also, several new perspectives could be considered to examine the multiple lives of glass, regardless of the orientation and type of production envisioned (precious glass, colored glass, containers, common or highquality glass, glazing or stained glass...).

The study of compositions encourages both a confrontation with the "recipes" and treatises of the time, as well as the identification of spatial-temporal markers and the detection of periods of transition. Attention will be given to the proportion of recycled glass and its impact on fuel management, on the quality of crucibles, the rendering of colors, the homogeneity of the glass...

To contextualize the areas and circuits, we will focus on the circulation of broken glass, which involves the organization of a collection, a maritime, river, and land route, regulations and taxes (duties, tolls, etc.), and economic management (transaction costs, market value, etc.). We will take into account the various actors in recycling (large landowners, religious or secular institutions, craftsmen, etc.).

Storage locations deserve detailed analysis, whether it concerns a cargo, an urban or rural area, a public/religious complex, a workshop, or a domestic dwelling. Inside the premises, much information can be collected about the type of storage (in bulk, amphora, barrel, basket, etc.), the volume occupied, its weight and nature (lamp, dishware, glazing, mosaic, etc.) and its possible sorting (size, color, quality, etc.).

The reuse of bottles and flasks (wines, beers, spirits, sodas, medicinal potions...) has been observed at various discovery sites (industrial, commercial, domestic, maritime, colonial sites...). The marks provide evidence of initial use (stamps, labels, wear marks...) and inform about the type of objects recycled, whether they were reused individually or through an organized deposit system, and also about their users (activity, social level, gender... of the holder). They can reveal a time of economic tension and more autonomous organization.

In the latest studies on the history of architecture, glass has been barely or not at all considered (Arnoux 2024; Bernardi & al, 2018 and 2024). However, the archives do mention "new glass" and "old glass," which implies the involvement of craftsmen, changes in size, reserved secondary locations, a certain value, or, conversely, a downgrade of the reused glazing.

For certain glass objects, reuse can become "enhancing." This is demonstrated by archaeological discoveries of funerary vessels, holy water flasks, reliquaries, smoothing tools with prophylactic virtues, the preservation of "beautiful stained-glass windows"... Any sign of wear, breakage (Chinni), any addition of mounting elements, lids, and other devices on the artifact unearthed or on the object preserved in church treasuries (George) are all indications that add to the interest of the discovery sites and textual sources.

Finally, musical glasses (Benjamin Franklin's Glass Harmonica, 18th century; Cristal Baschet from the 1950s...), silvered glasses from collectors, or other original artistic creations, do they attest to a "recycling that transforms replaceable and replaced objects into irreplaceable objects" (Demoule).

Bibliography 

General Information 

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Recyclage et détournement 

Association Structures sonores Baschet, en ligne www.baschet.org

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Audrey COUINEAUX, Modélisation vibro-acoustique du cristal Baschet : jouabilité et timbre du son produit par frottement, Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Mans / LAUM, Nantes université, Sciences de l'ingénierie et des systèmes Le Mans, 2024.

Mélanie Traversier, L’Harmonica de verre et miss Davies. Essai sur la mécanique du succès au siècle des Lumières, Paris, Le Seuil, 2021.

Jean Claude Chapuis, Glass Harmonica et autres instruments de verre, Les éditions de l’œil, 2017.

Places

  • Orléans, France (45)

Event attendance modalities

Full on-site event


Keywords

  • verre, bouteille, vitrage, fabrication, recyclage, histoire, archéométrie, société, art de la transformation

Contact(s)

  • Michel PHILIPPE
    courriel : michel [dot] philippe [at] hotmail [dot] fr

Reference Urls

License

CC0-1.0 This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal.

To cite this announcement

Sophie LAGABRIELLE, « The Multiple Lives of Glass », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Tuesday, June 09, 2026, https://doi.org/10.58079/16d4i

Author(s)

Sophie LAGABRIELLE

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