Effectiveness Of Youth Training And Employment Policies In The Health Sector Of Cameroon
L’efficacité des politiques de formation et d’emploi des jeunes dans le secteur de la santé au Cameroun
Training And Employment In The Pre-Colonial And Colonial Periods
Formation et emploi aux ères pré-coloniales et coloniales
Abstract
The topic effective youth training and employment policies in the health sector raises a seriousconcern for the Cameroon government at a time when youth are not able to gain employment even after following up training. Accoding to Kouam (2025) nearly 70 % of young people who enter the labour market have no qualification in terms of profession and it has also been noticed that the issue professional integration of young graduates remain remains a significant challenge in Cameroon given the numerous diplomas awarded by various professional and University institutions of learning in the health sector.
Announcement
Argument
Health has always been at the midpoint of human existence, and has always required proper management through the transfer of knowledge either formally or informally. During the precolonial period, traditional medicine was the dominant medical system for the local people in Cameroon, with the claimed to be able to cure numerous and diverse complex health conditions such as cancers, psychiatric disorders and high blood pressure (Enang, 2019).
According to Andeck (2019) as cited by Lienjeh et al (2024), Cameroon had a well-structured healthcare system that cared for sick persons and pregnant women through herbalists, traditional birth attendants and ritualists all through the pre-colonial period. This reveals that healthcare was not carried out in a void during this period, it was already organized into various specialties such as herbal medicine, divination, midwifery, bonesetters, magicians etc and each of them were transmitting knowledge or training the younger generations in an initiating mode, without any records (Enang, 2019). Traditional medicine has always operated within a framework of embodied knowledge, spirituality, and social recognition that empowered healers, and functioned as a living archive of indigenous wisdom, passed down across generations, linking healing as a way of reconnecting with their roots (Chance et al 2025).
During the pre-colonial as well as colonial period, there was effective training of traditional health providers in their different specialties, through informal instruction within members in the community or close family (Asongwe, 2021). The knowledge was gotten through different means such as direct apprenticeship from the learners relative who was either a father, mother or other close relative while the second method of apprenticeship was through the exchange of certain commodities between the traditional doctor and he/she who wanted to learn how to treat patients in the community and the third was done through dreams and visions by a dead relative who showed the apprentice the medicinal value and uses of the plant in treating diseases and other health challenges.(Asongwe,2021). They have always been recognized by the community in which they live as being competent to provide health care by using plant, animal and mineral substances and certain other methods based on social, cultural and religious background as well as the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs that are prevalent in the community regarding physical, mental and social well-being and the causation of disease and disability (WHO, 2005). Within this healthcare system, healthcare providers were compensated in kinds and in some cases, social and cultural ties canceled any form of payment to the healer by the clients, but they played crucial role in the economy of the country (Enang, 2019, Lienjeh et al 2024 ;2, Asongwe, 2021 ;35).
The German annexation of Cameroon opened the territory up to Western influences amongst which was biomedicine, but their defeat in 1916 set the pace for another colonial authorities which were the French and the British (Lienjeh et al 2024). Following the creation of the League of Nations there was an official partition of the country, giving 1/5 % of the territory to the British and 4/5 % to the French, who continued with the Western biomedical health system in both territories (Lienjeh et al 2024). This influenced knowledge acquisition in the medical field. According to Tendongmoh (2017), the teaching/learning institutions in Cameroon were tailored following the objectives of the colonial masters (France and Britain), they baptized Cameroon under a dual system of education (French and English) with their main focus on reading, writing, mathematics, religion, English and French. However, the shift in the health system from the traditional health system to the biomedical health system came with the need of biomedical health professionals to handle the persistent outbreak of diseases but in the colonial period, health training institutions were established to address the immediate need of medical staff, particularly in missionary hospitals and colonial medical services, the training provided was often inconsistent and did not follow standardized curricula or accreditation processes, leading to varied levels of competence among healthcare workers (Fon, et al 2024). The first school for training medical personnel, was created in British occupied territory of Cameroon in 1957 by the Baptist missionaries in Kumbo while a nursing school was created in the French speaking Cameroon in 1933 in Ayos.
After the independence of Cameroon and the formation of the independent Federal Republic of Cameroon in 1961, the Cameroonian government invited WHO consultation to help formulate plans for a new medical school, which allowed for in-country training of medical doctors with focus on rural healthcare, thereby limiting students from French Cameroon to trave to France and Senegal for training (Runcie, 2020). Later on, Cameroon began establishing national frameworks for health education, aligning training programs with national health goals, nonetheless authorized institutions met infrastructure and faculty requirement but the curricula did not have any standardize method across the regions, coupled with the fact that only few medical training schools existed with “Centre Universitaire des Sciences de la Santé” (CUSS) being the most popular and the oldest in the country with limited number of candidates per year (Amani 2010). Before the creation of other medical training institutions in Cameroon, the “Centre Universitaire des Sciences de la Santé” (CUSS) which had existed for more than 30 years only accepted about 85 medical students annually out of over 1.300 young qualified applicants of both Cameroonian and foreign nationals each year, however, the number of candidates seeking admission greatly exceeded the number of available openings (Enang, 2019. Runcie,2020).
Even with the limited access to medical training by youths, traditional medical knowledge was still under attack because, most of their drugs profess to cure dozens of diseases, prescriptions traditionally given orally, lack consistency, rarely do any two traditional healers have the same drugs or speak the same medical language, production of the drugs is all a matter of secrecy, transferable mostly to offspring and particular people, and not for collaboration with competitors ; traditional practitioners have vague knowledge of anatomy and divergent diagnostic methods ; and charlatans that peddle fake medicine(Asongayi, 2011).
With this, an Institute of Medical Research and the Studies of Medicinal Plant (IMPM) in Cameroon, was created in 1974 by decree n° 74/888 of 6 June 1974, and reorganized into a public establishment for scientific research by decree n° 93/215 of 4 August 1993. One of the missions of the institute is to create conditions for the optimization of the impact of Cameroon’s local pharmacopeia and traditional medicine on the health of Cameroonians. One of the operational research centers of IMPM is the Centre for Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine Research (CRPMT), while in 1981, a Traditional Medicine Unit was set up in the Central Hospital, Yaoundé, followed in 1989 by the creation of a Community Health and Traditional Medicine Service with a Unit in charge of Traditional Medicine, backed by law n° 90/053 of 19 December 1990 on Freedom of Association and was supported later by a note requesting collaboration between traditional healers and public health sector(Asongyi, 2011). Since it led to the creation of several Associations of Traditional Healers all over the country. This was followed later by a note of the Minister of Health requesting collaboration between traditional healers and the public health sector. In 2002, a service for Traditional Medicine was established in the Ministry of Health, including a unit for ethics and deontology and another for legislation and control ; there was also a scientific sub-department to promote medicinal plants in the Ministry of Public Health (Ibid)
With the unstructured nature of the training in the health sector, WHO and other partners started pushing for more structured health training programs, leading to the reform of health education sector with education being one of the primary priorities (Enang, 2019). An evaluation of its content and its implementation guided the development of a new Health System Strategy that covers the period 2016-2027, This new strategy aligns with the Growth and Employment Strategy Paper (GESP) and with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as the National Development Strategy plan for Cameroon 2020-2030 (NDS30), whose main objective is to match training and employment, and to improve vocational integration system as well as regulate the labour market for the youth(SND2030).The SND30 has been supported by the 2026-2030 National Digital Health Strategic Plan with the aim of equipping Cameroon with an integrated, inclusive, resilient, interoperable and secure digital health ecosystem capable of effectively supporting Universal Health Coverage by 2030, through improving the well-being of the population, and strengthening the resilience for health system in the face of health emergencies.
The topic effective youth training and employment policies in the health sector raises a serious concern for the Cameroon government at a time when youth are not able to gain employment even after following up training. Accoding to Kouam (2025) nearly 70 % of young people who enter the labour market have no qualification in terms of profession and it has also been noticed that the issue professional integration of young graduates remain remains a significant challenge in Cameroon given the numerous diplomas awarded by various professional and University institutions of learning in the health sector. The purpose of this workshop is to bring stakeholders, ministerial departments in charge of youth training and employment in the health domain, private and public health institution educators in the health domain and researchers to have a constructive discussion on the topic, so that recommendations can be made and summited to the competent authorities for effective implementation.
Topic
- A multidisciplinary approach is required to handle this issue and contributions are expected from the following topics but are not limited to the below topics.
- Training of youths in the health sector
- Role of youths in job creation in the health sector
- Training and employment in private and public health institutions
- Youths job opportunities and migration
- Youth involvement in digital health plan
- Synergy between private and public health enterprise
- Bribery in the health sector
- Underpayment in the health sector
Submission Guidelines
Submit a paper describing your most recent results of any of the exciting topic above or any other related topic.
Submit a proposal (abstract, maximum 200-250 words, outline the title of the paper, Author (s) names and their affiliations, keywords (5-7) font size 12 with single spacing, text should be written in Times new Roman, full text must be between 7000-10000 words including references.
Papers must be submitted by the 30th of September and feedback will be send by the 20th of October 2026 and the conference will take place in November 2026.
Send text to the following emails :
- reinesimun208@gmail.com
- njimboketfatimatou@yahoo.com
Scientific Committee
- Pr. Mforteh Stephen Ambe, Linguist, CNE, MINRESI
- Pr. Socpa Antoine, Anthropologist, University of Yaounde I
- Pr. Efuet Simon Akem, Anthropoloist, University of Buea
- Dr. Manga Kalniga Joseʹ Donadoni, Sociologist, Senior Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. JIOTSA Albert, Historian, Senior Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Sourna Erick Loumtouang, Historian, Senior Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Norah Aziami Asongu, Anthropologist, Senior Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Tassah Ivo, Geographer, Senior Research officer CNE/MINRESI Dr. Christel Anaba, Anthropologist, Lecturer, Yaounde I.
Editorial board
- Pr. Mforteh Stephen Ambe, Linguist, CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Fosso Simun Reine, Anthropologist, Senior Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Ehode Ellah Raoul, Economist, Senior Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Bessala Gaston, Linguist Senior Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Calasantus Mashal, Lecturer University of Buea
- Dr. NOGO Marie Desire, Theatre art, Senior Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Bissaya Bessaya Thiery Euloge, Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Nkengue, Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Mambo Tamnou Nicole G. Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr.Baye Kamada, ANYI, Research officer CNE/MINRESI
Organising committee
- Dr. Manga Kalniga Joseʹ Donadoni, Sociologist, Senior Research officer CNE/MINRESI
- Dr. Fosso Simun Reine, Senior Research officers CNE/MINRESI
- Dr.Njimboket Mgbiepit Fatimaou Research officers CNE/MINRESI
- Yolande Ambono, Research officers CNE/MINRESI
- Kondo Maxceme Research officers CNE/MINRESI
- Demanou Dongue Alex Leonel, Researcher Assistant CNE/MINRESI
- Mforteh Steryce Ngumsi, Researcher Assistant, CNE/MINRESI
- Engome Winne. Research Assistant CNE/MINRESI
References
1.Amini, Adidja, (2010) the health workers crisis in Cameroon. Institute of public health. Thesis paper 139. https:// digital archive.gsu.edu/iph thesis/139.
2.Chance, E A. Papa Theophile. Louise Rene Loe., (2025) Decolonising healthcare : the role of traditional medicine in building inclusive health systems for Cameroon women. BMC, Complementary medicine and therapies 25.381https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05133-0.
3.Isreal Mbusa. Youth unemployment in Cameroon : From policy promises to practical solutions (March, 12/2026) available at SSRN ; https://ssrn.com/abstract =6653918.
4.Kouam H. (2025) Preparing Youths for the Cameroonian Job market. Journal of Global Entrepreneurial Management. ISSN : 3068-174X.
5.Okoroafor SC, Ahmat A, Asamani JA, Millogo JJS, Nyoni J. An overview of health work-force education and accreditation in Africa : implications for scaling-up capacity and quality. Hum Resour Health. 2022 ;20(37).
6.Runcie, Sarah C. “Decolonizing ’La Brousse’ : Rural Medicine and Colonial Authority in Cameroon.” French Politics, Culture and Society, vol. 38, no. 2, summer 2020, pp. 126+. Gale Academic One
File,link.gale.com/apps/doc/A646130012/AONE ?u =anon~2dde01b4&sid =googleScholar&xid =0 97a58b2. Accessed 21 May 2026.
7.World Health Organization. Global strategy on human resources for health : Workforce. 2030. Available from : https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/252799.
8.World Health Organization : Traditional medicine strategy 2002-2005. World Health Organization. 2002, Geneva : World Health Organization, WHO/EDM/TRM/2002.
Places
- Plateau Atemengue next to the Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ngoa-Ekelle, Yaoundé, Cameroon - Ngoa Ekelle
Yaoundé, Cameroon
Event attendance modalities
Hybrid event (on site and online)
Attached files
Keywords
- youths, employment, health, policies, training, cameroon
Contact(s)
- Fatimatou Njimboket
courriel : njimboketfatimatou [at] yahoo [dot] com
Reference Urls
License
This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal.
To cite this announcement
« Effectiveness Of Youth Training And Employment Policies In The Health Sector Of Cameroon », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Wednesday, August 19, 2026, https://doi.org/10.58079/16o2s
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