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Consultants seen through the lens of employment, market and production

Les consultants au prisme de l’emploi, du marché et de la production

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Published on Wednesday, September 20, 2023

Abstract

More and more “international” and “national” consultants are involved in the production of public policy under “aid regime”. However, there is still little research on this broad and heterogeneous category of professionals. At the crossroads of the sociology of work, of professions and professional groups, the sociology of markets and the sociology of public action, this panel seeks to analyse how the marketing of development expertise is transforming the market for skilled labour, government services and the production of public action in aid societies.

Announcement

APAD 2024 - International Conference | Liège, 22-24 May 2024,

Set 1 : Work and the worlds of development and humanitarian aid

Argument

Since the 2000s, there has been exponential growth in the market for private expertise linked, in one way or another, to development policies and programmes (Rahman & Giessen, 2017). Increasingly subjecting themselves to market standards, mechanisms and instruments (Contamin et al., 2008; Nay, 2017), banks and aid agencies have delegated more and more of the activities they used to carry out internally to players in the for-profit and not-for-profit private sector – consultancies and NGOs – : steering and implementing development programs but also supporting and steering the reforms of Southern countries and their public policies, in all sectors. They are forcing "recipient" governments to undertake the same transformations. At the same time, development agencies have been strongly incentivised to recruit citizens from the countries in which they operate to fill the skilled jobs generated by aid programs.

There are therefore consultants 'everywhere' throughout the aid production chain and in all the Southern administrations in which aid is embedded. From the point of view of employment, a growing proportion of qualified workers in aid societies self-identify as "consultants" or are named as such. However, this indigenous category covers extremely varied realities. It is both a profession and an employment status. People can work as consultants from the academic, political-administrative or voluntary sectors. Under this label, you may work for an "NGO", a "consultancy firm", a "think tank", a research laboratory or claim to be "independent". You may work on a one-off study, regularly monitor a long-term program or work full-time for several years in a ministry.

Without seeking to reduce this diversity through an objectivist definition, we propose to take 'consultants' as an entry point into these transformations of work, public action and the State 'under aid regime' (Lavigne Delville, 2011, p. 13). Beyond the canonical surveys (e.g. Dezalay & Garth, 2002; Mitchell, 2002), there is still little work specifically on this category of actors in the field of development and public policy in the Global South (Aguillon, 2022 ; Al Dabaghy, 2019 ; Bredeloup, 2019 ; Copans, 2010 ; Charton & Owuor, 2008 ; Dini, 2018 ; Fine, 2018 ; Jampy, 2012 ; Olivier de Sardan, 2011). The aim of the panel is to put them in conversation with current empirical research. At the crossroads of the sociology of work, professions and professional groups, the sociology of markets and the sociology of public action, it would help to document the nebulous range of statuses, careers, figures, practices, relationships and professional ethos to which the category of ‘consultants’ refers. It would also help to shed light on how this commodification of development expertise is transforming – or not – the market for skilled labour, government service and the production of public action in 'aid-driven' societies.

As first line of investigation, we propose employment and career. The aim would be to gain a better understanding of who becomes and remains a consultant, and how. What are the general sociological characteristics and initial training of consultants? How do they get started? How do they build up an area of expertise while adapting to the thematic or instrumental shifts of international aid agencies? More generally, what resources do their career strategies require in the face of the instability of the resources injected by aid? Who manages to move from the status of 'national consultant' to 'international consultant', and how? Is geographical mobility linked to social mobility (Wagner, 2020)? And, conversely, what is the experience of insecurity and disillusionment like? What meaning do the consultants give to their choices, strategies and professional lives, if necessary in the light of their activist, academic or migratory backgrounds? In all these respects, we can assume that there is considerable heterogeneity in terms of situations, social properties, resources and constraints, but are we able to establish typologies and draw hierarchies? The challenge would also be to understand, from a historical perspective, the extent to which consultancy represents a new route into professional life, a "new figure of success" (Banégas & Warnier, 2012), but also perhaps a new expression of a vocation to serve the State or public affairs.

The second line of investigation will focus on the professional environment and the private expertise market. How do consultants position themselves in this market and what is their experience of competition? Do we see the emergence of more or less formalised professional groups? Solidarity networks? On what scale? In what way does their initial professional status inform hierarchies within the world of consultants? In any case, what can we say about the complexity of the relationship between different consultant categories with often porous boundaries? The contributions could also seek to make the nebula of private structures – consultancy agencies, laboratories, think tanks or NGOs – that make up the supply of expertise more legible. What are the survival and growth strategies of these organisations? To what extent are they customised businesses? How do international banks and aid agencies select experts providers and how do the demand structure the supply of expertise, in particular as a result of the different types of contract and selection procedures that exist? Ultimately, how are these markets defined and organised, and how is competition on these markets organised? This area aims to document the emergence and structuring of new areas of expertise, and in particular to shed light on the more or less collective strategies of the consultants who navigate within them.

The third area of investigation would be the production of government knowledge and public decision-making. Papers could describe underpaid forms of work, what constitutes 'dirty work' (Hughes, 1951) and honorary tasks, the different forms of material, financial and symbolic rewards, and the issues involved in the division of labour, particularly the racialised division of knowledge production within teams or organisations combining consultants from the North and from the South. With regard to specific postcolonial situations, we might also ask whether we are witnessing a form of 'segmentation by nationality' that would structure the organisation of consultants' work within international institutions (Lecler, Morival & Bouagga, 2018, p. 15). Papers could also focus on consultants' know-how and practices in this production of government knowledge, the sharing of the same language repertoire, tools, document standards and procedures. Lastly, they could deal with their role in public action at the various stages from formulation to implementation, their relations with the various public authorities (governments and administrations in the South, aid agencies, etc.), and their ways of conceiving this role and these relations. The political role of consultants would therefore be questioned here.

Submission details

Paper proposals (3000 characters - Bibliographic titles are not included in the sign count) should be submitted (in French or English) via the website and sent to Marie-Dominique Aguillon marie-dominique.aguillon@univ-amu.fr and Camille Al Dabaghy camille.al-dabaghy@univ-paris8.fr

by November 15 at the latest.

The proposals must include a title, the research question, the theoretical framework, the fieldwork, and the main results. The proposals must include the first and last name of the author(s), their status and institutional affiliation, and their email address.

Calendar

  • 15 November 2023 : deadline to submit proposals
  • 1er December : Authors are notified of the proposal selection
  • 15 April 2024 : deadline to submit full papers
  • 22-24 may 2024 (University of Liege) : panel

Coordinators

  • Marie-Dominique Aguillon (Aix Marseille Université – LEST/LPED, marie-dominique.aguillon@univ-amu.fr)
  • Camille Al Dabaghy (Univ. Paris 8 – Cresppa-LabTop, camille.al-dabaghy@univ-paris8.fr)

Places

  • Liège, Belgium

Event attendance modalities

Full on-site event


Date(s)

  • Wednesday, November 15, 2023

Keywords

  • aide au développement, international, consultant, expertise, travail, emploi, marché, action publique, develoment aid, international, consultancy, expertise, market, work, employment

Contact(s)

  • Camille Al Dabaghy
    courriel : camille [dot] al-dabaghy [at] univ-paris8 [dot] fr
  • Marie-Dominique Aguillon
    courriel : marie-dominique [dot] aguillon [at] univ-amu [dot] fr

Reference Urls

Information source

  • Camille Al Dabaghy
    courriel : camille [dot] al-dabaghy [at] univ-paris8 [dot] fr

License

CC0-1.0 This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal.

To cite this announcement

« Consultants seen through the lens of employment, market and production », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Wednesday, September 20, 2023, https://doi.org/10.58079/1btj

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