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New geographies of making and living labor in the Anthropocene

Nouvelles géographies du faire et travail vivant dans l’Anthropocène

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Published on Monday, October 23, 2023

Abstract

Cet appel à articles invite à questionner la manière dont la géographie s’empare de la question du faire, dans une période où l’articulation entre faire et espace tend à être profondément transformée sous l’effet de rapides mutations de l’économie et de l’environnement. Il s’agit d’éclairer les modalités selon lesquelles des initiatives ciblées opèrent en des lieux spécifiques selon des dynamiques qui éprouvent des manières de fabriquer, de faire avec, par et pour les ressources existantes, tout en générant des moyens de subsister moins prédateurs pour l’environnement et dont les pratiques spéculatives sont susceptibles d’accentuer les inégalités socio-spatiales.

Announcement

Argument

This forthcoming issue will review how geography tackles the question of making things, at a time when the relationship between making and space is being profoundly transformed by rapid changes in the economy and the environment. These changes are leading to new forms of work and production, which are sometimes the product of adaptation to constraints and crisis situations, and sometimes the result of individual and/or collective projections and choices. Factors including today’s major environmental transformations, with the structural crises they entail or foreshadow, as well as resource scarcity and the effects of models based on extractive economies, have transformed our relationship to making things and to the very act of producing. This issue will examine the process of making things, which is at the root of all economic activity, but comes into sharp focus in the concept of current environmental transformations, looking both at its spatial forms and expressions, and at the socio-political dynamics it underpins.

The scope of this issue is at the crossroads of different thematic approaches and theoretical constructs, pertaining to the subfields of industrial geography (Beckouche, 1999; Vanier and Perrat, 1993; Veltz, 1993), economic geography (Benko, 1996 and 2008; Chabot, 1947), or, more rarely, social geography (Rochefort, 1961). A number of studies in the field of economic geography consider the territorial dynamics of productive systems (Benko, Dunford and Lipietz, 1996; Benko and Lipietz, 1993, 2000; Storper, 1991 and 2010), questioning in particular the links between industrial location and urbanization (Scott, 1986), the place of industry in territories, the specificities of small-scale industry in urban environments (Souchaud, 2014) and their role in the production of the city (Froment, 2015). However, contemporary environmental and societal changes tend to transform “ways of making” and producing – guided by a contemporary take on what K. Marx ([1859] 1972, p.287-88) referred to as “living” labor, a form of labor with the potential to emancipate individuals – but also ways of considering the material, social and relational aspects of work. We will therefore draw upon the field of socio-economics as well as geographical theory (Scott, 1986 and 1988; Storper, 1991 and 2010) – especially where geography emphasizes the “relational” dimension of economic facts and productions (Bathelt and Gluckler, 2003) – to understand the articulation of work with solid and/or living materials and with social aspects, and the ways in which this articulation is expressed or translated spatially.

In addition to drawing upon different fields of reference that investigate the embedding of human activities in social space, we will also need to review literature on the links between economic activities (or small-scale industries) and the materiality and layout of environments, the relational systems they activate, and the configurations and entanglements they structure with and within multiple spaces (Tsing, 2015). These dimensions also suggest analytical perspectives that might shed light on other relations (whether new or not) between space at different scales and making things – considering individual forms of engagement as well as the social interactions that occur through material experience.

Rather than hastily associating these “ways of doing” with spatial reconfigurations assumed to express a shift towards a socio-ecological transition, this issue of EchoGéo aims to shed light on the ways in which targeted initiatives operate in specific places, experimenting with ways of making and adapting to existing resources, while generating means of subsistence that are less predatory for the environment and whose speculative practices are likely to accentuate socio-spatial inequalities. In what spaces and places are these transformations taking place? Who are the actors who articulate them, develop their narratives and actions, and commit themselves to their implementation? What obstacles do they encounter, at what level or stage of their “project”? Do they emerge from economically stable contexts, or from situations of structural instability, marginality or vulnerability?

We invite contributors to present case studies documenting local and regional contexts, highlighting their specificities. The focus will be on analyzing the forms and configurations of making or producing activities, along with the socio-spatial dynamics they underpin. Contributions should pay particular attention to the practicalities and methods deployed to observe and analyze these forms and processes, and to identifying the actors, driving forces and trajectories that underpin them, as well as the actors’ positions vis-à-vis norms and injunctions, and their individual and collective convictions. Under what conditions can these initiatives, whether they involve artisanal work, working the land or producing material goods from natural resources, be a factor of positive social and environmental change in the context of the Anthropocene? Do they contribute to a process of territorial transition?

We are calling for contributions from diverse socio-geographical contexts, from countries of the global North and South, investigating diverse situations, trades and sectors. We thus aim to shed light on the links between contemporary reconfigurations of making and fabricating and spatial change at different scales, as part of “geographies of making” (Carr and Gibson, 2016) in the context of the Anthropocene.

We believe that capturing such dynamics as they unfold will contribute to asserting geography’s involvement in “debates of what kind of society we wish to become, how we might make and re-make amidst environmental crisis, and thus how humans relate to, transform and are transformed by the wider material world. Makers – within and across craft and large-scale manufacturing – must secure a key voice in these debates” (Carr and Gibson, 2016).

Contributions are expected to fall under two main lines of investigation, which in no way provide an exhaustive coverage of all possible perspectives.

Axe 1 – Approaching living labor through the meaning of making, material and materialities

After long remaining the privilege of high-income Western societies, the questioning of the meaning of work (Crawford, 2010) is now spreading across many professional spheres all over the planet. Dependence on global capital and fossil fuels, and growing social inequalities, are leading to a loss of meaning for many individuals, who are striving to implement alternatives that will restore meaning to their activities, their involvement in the world, and their everyday actions (Sennett, 2010). These new ways of making things, whether they involve manufacturing or not, seek to bring together two conceptions of work that are usually regarded as opposites: one understood as a factor of production, the other as a vital need and self-expression (Wojda, 2021). In so doing, they are changing the relationship between time and space through work, which is as much an economic means of subsistence as a vehicle for a fulfilling lifestyle. Does this mean that work could become a means of achieving forms of emancipation, along with well-being and happiness?

Regardless of their origins, these initiatives summon up meanings and justifications based on the value “of the work, resources and goods produced, but also of the social relations and political practices that are specific to them” (Bautès, 2022, p. 245). These new relationships to work thus reveal new understandings of value (Graeber, 2022) that appear to place the focus on social relations rather than on the market, on certain trades’ capacity to provide forms of employment that provide a livelihood but also an environment where working is not simply alienating. Could work become “living labor”, an apprenticeship, a means of transmission of knowledge and skills, a space for practice or even bodily experimentation, and ultimately a source of well-being, happiness and pleasure? This question, central to this issue, is both a hypothesis and a doubt: the impulse towards reinjecting meaning into work through making things seems, on first reading, to be the preserve of stable societies and, within them, of the most privileged social groups. However, it seems that this trend is not exclusive: everywhere around the world, dominant economic models and conceptions of work are increasingly being challenged, along with the alienation it produces. In recognition of this fact, this issue will investigate the impact of diverse local contexts on the nature of the constraints, barriers and obstacles faced by the actors involved in these operations.

What transformations are brought about by these shifts in the moral significance of work reflected by new ways of doing, making and producing, but also in ways of working? These changes are increasingly documented by the academia, as shown by several recent issues of French humanities and social sciences journals addressing work and its evolutions: Tracés tackled the redefinition of the boundaries of work and the flexibility of the definition of this category in the light of industrial capitalism (Albert, Plumauzille and Ville, 2017); La nouvelle revue du travail focused on the links between work and emancipation (Jacquot et al., 2019). Finally, an issue of Carnets de Géographes currently under publication (Chapuis, Estebanez and Ripoll, 2022) questions the geography of work. In line with these studies, our intention is to question the act of making, both in its intention and in the forms of production (in particular spatial) it induces.

We expect contributors to shed light on the diversity of alternatives in the realm of living labor, both in terms of the organization of material work and in terms of its purpose. This may include fields such as crafts or agriculture, as well as sectors based on local production and on the use of natural resources and motivated by methods that carry meaning and values, in ways that will need to be made explicit. We encourage proposals that draw on clearly situated examples whose contexts and specificities are extensively addressed. In particular, contributors may want to investigate the revaluation of manual labor, as expressed for example in the craft industries or in the back-to-the-land movement in agriculture; or in any other area of social life, the role of “living labor” as a means of reinjecting meaning and value into work.

Contributions may also document and critically discuss initiatives presented as “alternatives” within this field (peasant movements, crafts, the so-called neo-craft movement, makers’ movement or DIY, for example). How do the ideals that prevail in these actions – whether they embrace individualism/entrepreneurialism or are based on forms of cooperation and/or collaboration – generate specific forms of organization, and provoke observable changes in space in different contexts (rural-urban, global North-South)?

Lastly, proposed contributions that fall under this line of thought may shed light on how the quest for individual autonomy can be part of a more general process of downshifting (Larsson, 2015) or “deceleration” that ultimately transforms corporations and territories. Does the quest for well-being and quality of life through work mostly affect particular social groups? Making labor a “work of art” in the sense of a craft, a productive gesture that can be perfected and constantly adjusted, can contribute both to self-fulfillment and to autonomy seen as a source of empowerment. Are new ways of making things reconfiguring the power relations at work in craft trades (including agriculture)? Do they tend to give a greater place to women or minorities? Are they conducive to greater social justice?

Angle 2–Spatial configurations and “entanglements” of making with nature (Tsing et al., 2017): the geographies of making in a changing ecosystem

Work is necessarily embedded in an environment, and it relies on the specific elements that nature provides. This observation seems important to remember, but also to analyze closely, in a period marked by changes induced by the Anthropocene context in individual and collective relations to work (Crutzen, 2016). This period is marked by the conjunction of both environmental crises and “crises of capitalism" (Marx, [reed.] 2009), generating “alternatives” which Tsing et al. refer to as “what else is going on – not in some protected enclave, but rather everywhere, both inside and out” (Tsing et al., 2017:105). Should we interpret these new ways of making things (whose very “novelty” we need to question), particularly prevalent in occupations based on artisanal knowledge and techniques (agriculture and goods manufacturing among others), be interpreted as mutations (adaptation or disappearance), with the potential, for example, of reducing the impacts of economic activities on global environmental change? Can they be regarded as forms of resistance, as ways of reinventing artisanal economies, and as attempts at renewing relationships and the meaning of work in an environmental perspective? Or should they be understood differently?

Whether through traditional artisanal channels or through alternatives to capitalist labor, one of the characteristics of current changes in relationships to work is that they form part, if not of a transition, at least of a desire to work towards more social well-being and environmental balance. For example, writing about eco-construction, G. Pruvost shows that the use of materials described as “living” or “noble”, which are constantly evolving and need to be adjusted to, reflects the desire, in sustainable alternatives, to establish a lasting relationship with the world of objects and the world of nature (Pruvost, 2013). Labor thus becomes work (Arendt, 1958), and lifestyle becomes a collective action aimed at “living well together” and achieving “quality of life” with and within one’s ecosystem. Contributions may shed light on the relationship with the living world as a source of well-being at work, emancipation and/or spatial re-composition. D. Brachet considers that emancipation requires a refoundation of the way in which wealth is produced and redistributed, in order to adopt low-resource, energy-efficient and sustainable models: this refoundation could provide the agency for individuals to take collective action, to self-organize democratically and effectively control the production and distribution of goods and services (Jacquot et al., 2019).

Contributions may also shed light on the territorial dynamics of new making practices, with a particular focus on the socio-spatial forms and configurations both necessary to the development of such practices (role of terroir, local resources), and also generated by these “sustainable” mutations of work. What dynamics of localization and access to space are specific to these new ways of making things? Asking this question means focusing on the non-displaceable natural resources at the root of certain economic activities, and emphasizing the new environmental challenges posed by the finiteness of resources. It also means questioning the politics both contained and produced by these initiatives and their surroundings, insofar as it influences and regulates location choices, and prevails over decisions on a local scale.

Contributions falling under either of these two main angles are expected to deliver a cross-cutting analysis, investigating the geographies of making in context. Contributors may shed light on possible mechanisms common to the North and the South and on the links between making and producing space, with a view to highlighting the specific features of each case study. These may derive from the institutional, legal and social contexts in which economic activities and work take place, insofar as they influence the role of small trades and localized economies in environmental transitions. While in the South, the persistence of (or return to) small-scale trades offers a refuge in a context of job shortages, the same trend observed from the North points to more sustainable work practices. As a result, these site-specific insights invite us to question the relativity of living labor, as well as its meaning and interpretation in different contexts.

Submission guidelines

Papers should be written in English or French, and should be approximately 35,000/40,000 characters (plus illustrations). Please refer to the recommendations to authors for the standards of presentation of the text, the bibliography (https://journals.openedition.org/echogeo/25004) and the illustrations (https://journals.openedition.org/echogeo/19401).

Papers may also be submitted on the same theme but for other quarterly sections: Sur le Métier, Sur l’Image, Sur l'Écrit. They must then conform to the expectations of each of these, as indicated in the editorial line: https://journals.openedition.org/echogeo/1927. For example, the editors of the Sur l'Image section expect texts that reflect on the status of the image in research and/or on geographical writing.

All texts must be sent before 15 April 2023

to Nicolas Bautès (nicolas.bautes@unicaen.fr), and Camille Hochedez, (camille.hochedez@univ-poitiers.fr), coordinators of the dossier, with a copy to Karine Delaunay (EchoGeo@univ-paris1.fr), the editorial secretary, who will forward them to the evaluators.

Coordinators of the issue

  • Nicolas Bautès (nicolas.bautes@unicaen.fr), Senior Lecturer at Université de Caen Normandie.
  • Camille Hochedez (camille.hochedez@univ-poitiers.fr), Senior Lecturer at Université de Poitiers, UMR Migrinter.

References

Albert A., Plumauzille C., Ville S., 2017. Déplacer les frontières du travail. Tracés. Revue de Sciences humaines [En ligne], n° 32, p. 7‑24. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/traces/6822 - DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/traces.6822

Bathelt, H., Gluckler J., 2003. Toward a Relational Economic Geography ». Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 3, n° 2, 1 p. 117–144. [post-print pre-copyedited disponible sur le site de l'Université de Toronto]. URL: https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/71203/1/27_Bathelt%20%26%20Gluckler%202003_JOEG.pdf

Bautès N., 2022. Penser les espaces de l’artisanat ordinaire en Inde : matérialités, configurations et politique [accessible sur HAL]. Habilitation à diriger les recherches. Paris, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne. URL: https://shs.hal.science/tel-04215122v1/document

Beckouche P., 1999. De l’industrie à l’industry. Élargir l’acception de l’industrie dans la géographie française. Géographie, économie, société, vol. 1, n° 2, p. 307‑28.

Benko G., 1996. Géographie économique et théorie de la régulation. Finisterra, vol. 31, n° 62.

Benko G., 2008. La géographie économique : un siècle d’histoire. Annales de géographie n° 664, p. 23-49.

Benko G., Dunford M., Lipietz A., 1996. Les districts industriels revisités. In Pecqueur B. (éd.), Dynamiques territoriales et mutations économiques, Paris, L’Harmattan.

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Crutzen P.J. 2016. Geology of mankind. In Paul J. Crutzen: A pioneer on atmospheric chemistry and climate change in the Anthropocene. Springer, p. 211‑215.

Froment P., 2015. Villes méditerranéennes en clairs-obscurs. De l’artisan à l’artiste ? Trajectoires et modèles. Habilitation à diriger les recherches. Paris, Université Paris 7 Denis Diderot.

Graeber D., 2022. La fausse monnaie de nos rêves. Les Liens qui Libèrent, 464 p.

Jacquot L., Metzger J.-L., Bachet D., Bureau M.-C., Defalvard H., Didry C., 2019. Travail et émancipation. La nouvelle revue du travail [En ligne], n° 14. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/nrt/4936 - DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/nrt.4936

Larsson J., 2015. Downshifting. In Cook D.T., Ryan J. M. (dir.), The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Consumption and Consumer Studies. ‎Wiley-Blackwell, p. 248‑250.

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Scott A.J., 1988. New Industrial Spaces: Flexible Production Organization and Regional Development in North America and Western Europe. London, Pion.

Sennett R., 2010. Ce que sait la main. Paris, Albin Michel.

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Tsing A. L., 2015. The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins. Princetown University Press, 352 p. [traduction française, 2017. Le Champignon de la fin du monde : sur la possibilité de vivre dans les ruines du capitalisme. Paris, La Découverte].

Tsing A.L., Bubandt N., Gan E., Swanson H.A., 2017. Arts of Living on a Damaged Planet : Ghosts and Monsters of the Anthropocene. University of Minnesota Press.

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Date(s)

  • Thursday, February 15, 2024

Keywords

  • faire, travail, production, environnement, ressource, prédation, transition

Contact(s)

  • Camille Hochedez
    courriel : camille [dot] hochedez [at] univ-poitiers [dot] fr
  • Nicolas Bautès
    courriel : nicolas [dot] bautes [at] unicaen [dot] fr

Information source

  • Karine Delaunay
    courriel : echogeo [at] univ-paris1 [dot] fr

License

CC-BY-4.0 This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0 .

To cite this announcement

Nicolas Bautès, Camille Hochedez, « New geographies of making and living labor in the Anthropocene », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Monday, October 23, 2023, https://doi.org/10.58079/1c0s

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