HomeScroungers, Welfare Queens, Furbetti... Controversial Figures of the Welfare State

HomeScroungers, Welfare Queens, Furbetti... Controversial Figures of the Welfare State

Scroungers, Welfare Queens, Furbetti... Controversial Figures of the Welfare State

Fraudeurs, « Welfare Queens », « Furbetti »… des figures controversées de l’État social

International Perspectives

Perspectives internationales

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Published on Tuesday, October 31, 2023

Abstract

This conference will offer an interdisciplinary and international platform to examine the various representations of social benefit recipients, the variations in these representations, their impact on social protection policies, and what they reveal about the experience of welfare.

Announcement

Argument

The Italian expression furbetto del reddito di cittadinanza can be translated as the foxy, wily, or crafty citizenship income recipient in English or le petit malin du revenu de citoyenneté in French. It refers to a type of recipient who is particularly stigmatized in Italy, conveying a whole range of deep-rooted stereotypes. It became famous in Italy referring to some state employees, the so-called furbetti del cartellino, stamping their card without going to work. This term has since spread to other areas such as welfare benefits (minimum income, unemployment benefit, etc.). Across the Atlantic, the petit malin of the welfare state has a female version. Known as the Welfare Queen, the American version is portrayed as an indolent, lazy African American single mother who takes advantage of state benefits. Popularized in the United States from the 1960s onwards, this representation conveys two contradictory stereotypes (Gustafson, 2012). On one hand, it portrays the image of the poor, uneducated, unskilled, lazy, and irrational single mother. On the other hand, it depicts the calculating single beneficiary who avoids work constraints and couple obligations, accumulating the benefits of assistance and resources from one or multiple partners (Duncan, Edwards 1999).

The figure of the petit malin of the welfare state, calculating, self-interested and ill-intentioned, fuels hostility towards social benefits and contributes to the harsher treatment of their recipients, within a general context of suspicion and budgetary austerity (Power, 2019). As a slacker par excellence, taking advantage of public benefits without seeking to (re)enter the job market, he or she is as much a parasite on the taxpayer, the entire working community and those for whom the welfare system is intended. These figures suggest identifying common features as well as highlighting specificities, depending on local contexts, eras and social protection regimes in force. Although the petit malin may share some traits with the fraudsters, they are not one and the same. They may respect the rules, but they don't "play the game" when it comes to social benefits, and they occupy an ambivalent position in the implementation of social policies.

This call for papers aims to examine the figure of the petit malin, and its variations, by not necessarily limiting itself to the scope of welfare benefits alone. It invites us to consider similarities and differences, by exploring other sectors and fields of the State (minimum social benefits, disabled adult allowance, unemployment, etc.), but also to reflect on the similarities and contrasts that may exist with other similar figures and practices. To what extent is this figure the result of the evolution of social protection systems? How does it influence protection, surveillance, and repression mechanisms, as well as interactions between beneficiaries and social agents? What does this figure reveal about the experience of assistance, the expectations of those who benefit from it, their relationship with the law and how they navigate its rules?

Three axes are considered in this context.

Axis 1: Who are the petits malins? Plural representations of a controversial figure

The various figures of the petit malin, such as the sdraiati sul divano (“those lying on the couch”) or the furbetti in Italy or the Welfare Queen in the USA, mobilize, often in a stereotyped way, certain salient characteristics of the most precarious and stigmatized populations. While the Italian figures seem to mainly target young people, who are considered choosy, the “lazy ones” (Saraceno et al, 2022) or family members, especially form the South, suspected of working illegally (Anselmo et al, 2020), the Welfare Queen stigmatizes African American single mothers. These figures reflect, among other things, the condition of the labor market in Italy and the economic disparities between Northern and Southern Italy (Saraceno et al, 2022), as well as the overexposure of African American women to poverty, unemployment, single parenthood, and sexist and racial discrimination. The different national or local variants of these figures provide a relevant prism for analyzing structural differences and inequalities of class, race, and gender. These variants also indicate how social protection systems, and the social rights of different social groups are challenged, contested, or legitimized (Hancock, 2004; Gustafson, 2011; Edin, 2013; Power et al, 2022).

From this perspective, in this first axis we will explore the various figures of the petit malin, the images on which they are based, and the changes in social protection systems and social rights they reflect and influence. What are the links between different types of social benefits, specific conditions of access and the resulting representations of recipients? To what extent do these different embodiments, whether anchored locally or over time, justify the expansion of social rights, or on the contrary, do they call into question certain rights and challenge the access of certain social groups to these social benefits? To what extent are these representations linked to histories and economic policies implemented in different national contexts?

Axis 2: The petit malin at the welfare office

The social welfare office appears to be a particularly interesting place to analyze the role played by these representations in the implementation of public policies, and in particular the role of the office in the characterization of petit malins. Control, especially, is the most suitable sector for capturing these interactions, as it targets potential benefit cheaters. From their work directly with the public, to the algorithms implemented within the institutions responsible for providing social benefits, control activity is rarely a matter of chance (Dubois, 2009, 2022). A highly formalized system targets profiles perceived as likely to commit fraud, most often on the basis of pre-identified variables or "suspicions" raised during a visit to the welfare office (Dubois, 2021). By focusing on the variables targeted by control policies, as well as on the determinants of suspicion of fraud, this axis aims to analyze the reasons behind the control, and its effects on the representations of welfare recipients in general, and of cheaters more specifically. However, the aim is not to confine the study to welfare recipients alone, nor to the growing number of public policies targeting the working classes that focus solely on control activities.

By taking an interest in welfare office relations and street-level bureaucrats, which have been the subject of numerous studies since the 1980s in the United States and since the 1990s in France (Lipsky, 1980, Dubois, 2012), this axis also aims to analyze ambiguous situations, where fraud is not always considered. In this sense, this axis invites us to look at the boundaries between the law and the lawless, as well as the distinctions made within the realm of the law, differentiating between beneficiaries who "play the game" and those who do not. As evidenced by the work carried out in a variety of contexts (Dubois, 2003, Fassin, 2001, Siblot, 2006, Spire, 2005, 2008, Weller, 1999), the trend towards the individualization of public policies has also come with considerable leeway in the assessment, evaluation and even negotiation of individual cases. In this sense, analysis at the welfare office makes it possible to question the categorization of the petit malin, with its informal and shifting contours, which sometimes distances them from actual fraudsters. It also invites us to understand the uses to which these agents put the petit malin’s beyond sanction and control. For, unlike fraudsters, they may appear to be privileged members of certain public policies, judged to be skillful, resourceful and in possession of resources that other members of the public do not have.

Axis 3: The need to be a petit malin?

Finally, this axis proposes to take the figure of the petit malin seriously, by questioning both the necessity of playing with the rules, and the practices associated with this figure. What does it mean to be a petit malin, and what does this figure reveal or conceal about the experience of assistance? Is it possible to "get by'' without being a petit malin?

The petit malin of the welfare state refers to the recipients who, without necessarily breaking the rules, maneuvers within the administrative maze and bureaucratic requirements. They seek information, draw on the experiences of other recipients, build formal or informal networks, and turn to experts (the "paper specialists'' by Siblot, 2006). This term encompasses social benefit recipients who deploy strategies to adjust and maximize their financial resources, by finding odd jobs, engaging in informal solidarity, and exchanging services or resources with other benefit recipients (Collectif Rosa Bonheur, 2017;  Cohen and Larguèze, 2007).

A petit malin thus refers to someone who is suspected of manipulating the rules, mastering them too much, gaining more than what is allowed by the rule or by morality. These practices, which are often necessary (Evason and Woods, 1995; Kohler-Haussman 2007), may be perceived as suspicious because of the benefits they are accused of deriving from them, or simply because of the social characteristics of the beneficiaries (social class, gender, race, religion, etc.).

By exploring the figure of the petit malin, this last axis aims to question the practices associated with this figure, the expectations placed on those who rely on minima sociaux, the constraints they face, but even more so, the ways in which they come to terms with them. How do the practices and forms of division of labor within households - notably in terms of gender - challenge the apparent homogeneity of this figure (Cohen and Larguèze, 2007)? When is being crafty considered cheating or fraud? Is the distinction based solely on the degree to which practices conform to the rules? Is ingenuity with the rules of social benefits a practice limited to certain social categories, or does the strength of this social representation contribute to make invisible practices implemented by recipients, regardless of their social characteristics?

This call for papers is open to proposals that go beyond the question of the welfare state; it invites us to question the proximities, and the gaps, between strategic uses of the law, sometimes accepted, if not valorized, as in the case of tax optimization, sometimes reprobate, condemned, and sanctioned.

Guidelines for Submission

Please plan to submit an extended abstract (up to 2,500 characters, including spaces), in PDF format, in either English or French,

by November 20th 2023.

Submissions should include the following information:

  • First and last name, discipline, status, and affiliation, email address
  • Provisional title of the presentation
  • Summary of up to 2,500 characters (excluding bibliography)
  • Bibliographical references

Submissions should be sent by November 20th, 2023, to Hana Bouhired Lacheraf (HanaBouhired@gmail.com), Federica Graziano (federica.graziano_@libero.it) and Julie Oudot (julie.oudot@sciencespo.fr).

Organizing Committee

  • Hana Bouhired - Lacheraf (GEMASS/CNR - Sorbonne University)
  • Federica Graziano (Dispes – Università della Calabria)
  • Julie Oudot (CSO - Sciences Po)

International Scientific Commitee

  • Vincent Dubois (SAGE - Université de Strasbourg)
  • Nicolas Duvoux (CRESPPA - Université Paris 8 )
  • Kathryn Edin (CRCFW - Princeton University)
  • Camille Herlin-Giret (CERAPS/CNRS - Université de Lille)
  • Jeanne Lazarus (CNRS - Sciences Po)
  • Enrica Morlicchio (Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II)
  • Ana Perrin-Heredia (CERLIS – Université Paris Cité)
  • Yasmine Siblot (CRESPPA - Université Paris 8)

Bibliography

Anselmo M., Morlicchio E., Pugliese E., (2020), "Poveri e imbroglioni, dentro il reddito di cittadinanza", Il Mulino,  n. 1/20, pp. 53-63

Bec, C.,(1998) L’assistance en démocratie. Les politiques assistantielles dans la France des XIXe et XXe siècles, Belin (Socio-histoires), Paris

Castel R., (1995), Les métamorphoses de la question sociale : une chronique du salariat, Fayard, Paris.

Cohen, V. & Largueze, B. (2007). “S’en sortir” sans pouvoir sortir des dispositifs : le cas d’allocataires de minima sociaux en début et en fin de parcours professionnel. Revue française des affaires sociales, 85-107

De Blic, D. & J. Lazarus (2007), Sociologie de l'argent. La Découverte

Dubois, V. (2003), Les Conditions socio-politiques de la rigueur juridique. Politique de contrôle et lutte contre la fraude aux prestations sociales, CSE-CNAF (avec la collaboration de D. Dulong, L. Chambolle et F. Buton).

Dubois, V. (2009), « Le paradoxe du contrôleur. Incertitude et contrainte institutionnelle dans le contrôle des assistés sociaux », Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 178, p. 28-49.

Dubois V. (2012), La promotion du contrôle : retour sur la construction politique de la fraude sociale comme problème public

Dubois V. (2021) Contrôler les assistés. Genèse et usage d’un mot d’ordre, Raisons d’agir, Paris.

Duvoux N., (2012), Le Nouvel Age de la solidarité. Pauvreté, précarité et politiques publiques, Seuil, La République des idées, Paris

Edin, K. (1993). There’s a Lot of Month Left at the End of the Money: Surviving Welfare and Low Wage Work in Chicago. Garland Press, New York.

Edin & Lein L. (1997), Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage Work. Russell Sage Foundation, New York.EDIN, K., & NELSON, T. J. (2013). Doing the Best I Can: Fatherhood in the Inner City (1st ed.). University of California Press.

Evason, E. and Woods, R. (1995), Poverty, Deregulation of the Labour Market and Benefit Fraud. Social Policy & Administration, 29: 40-54.

Fassin D. (2001), Charité bien ordonnée. Principes de justice et pratiques de jugement dans l'attribution des aides d'urgence, Revue française de sociologie , 437-475.

Geremek B. (1976) Les marginaux parisiens aux XIX et XV siècles, Paris Flammarion, “L’Histoire vivante”

Geremek B, (1987) La Potence ou la pitié. L’Europe et les pauvres du Moyen Âge à nos jours, Gallimard.

Gillliom, J. (2001). Overseers of the Poor: Surveillance, Resistance, and the Limits of Privacy, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Gustafson, K. S. (2011), Cheating Welfare. Public assistance and the criminalization of poverty, New York University Press, New York.

Hancock A. M. (2004), The politics of disgust, the public identity of the welfare queen, New York University Press, New York.

Herlin-Giret, C. (2017). Les contournements discrets de l'impôt: Comment les redevables de l'ISF s'arrangent avec le droit. Sociétés contemporaines, 108, 15-39.

Kohler-Hausmann, J. (2007). “The Crime of Survival”: Fraud Prosecutions, Community Surveillance, and the Original “Welfare Queen.” Journal of Social History, 41(2), 329–354.

Lipsky, M. (1980). Street Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. Russell Sage Foundation.

Martin C., Paugam S., (2009), « La nouvelle figure du travailleur précaire assisté », Lien social et politiques, vol. 61, p. 13-19.

Power M. J. (2019) Fake news? A critical analysis of the ‘Welfare Cheats, Cheat Us All’ campaign in Ireland, Critical Discourse Studies, 16:3, 347-362

Power, M., Devereux, E., & Ryan, M. (2022). Framing and Shaming: The 2017 Welfare Cheats, Cheat Us All Campaign. Social Policy and Society, 21(4), 646-656.

Regev-Messalem, S., (2013) Claiming Citizenship: The Political Dimension of Welfare Fraud (October 1, 2013). Law and Social Inquiry, Vol. 38, No. 4

Rosa Bonheur, C., Bory, A., Calderon, J., Cohen, V., Mortain, B., Muller, S., Verdière, J. & Vignal, C. (2017). Les garages à ciel ouvert : configurations sociales et spatiales d’un travail informel. Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 216-217, 80-103.

Saraceno, C., Benassi D., and Morlicchio E., (2022), La povertà in Italia. Il mulino.

Schehr, S. (1999), La vie quotidienne des jeunes chômeurs, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France.

Schnapper D. (1989) “Rapport à l’emploi, protection sociale et statuts sociaux”, Revue française de sociologie, 30-1.

Schnapper D. (1981), L’épreuve du chômage, Gallimard, Paris

Siblot, Y. (2006). Faire valoir ses droits au quotidien: Les services publics dans les quartiers populaires. Presses de Sciences Po.

Spire, A., (2005), Étrangers à la carte. L'administration de l'immigration en France (1945-1975), Paris, Grasset.

Spire, A., (2008), Accueillir ou reconduire. Enquête sur les guichets de l’immigration, Paris, Raisons d’agir.

Weller J.-M., (1999) L'État au guichet. Sociologie cognitive du travail et modernisation administrative des services publics, coll. « Sociologie économique »

Subjects

Places

  • Paris, France (75)

Event attendance modalities

Full on-site event


Date(s)

  • Monday, November 20, 2023

Keywords

  • fraude, état social

Contact(s)

  • Julie Oudot
    courriel : Julie [dot] oudot [at] sciencespo [dot] fr
  • Federica Graziano
    courriel : federica [dot] graziano_ [at] libero [dot] it

Information source

  • Hana Bouhired Lacheraf
    courriel : hanabouhired [at] gmail [dot] com

License

CC0-1.0 This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal.

To cite this announcement

« Scroungers, Welfare Queens, Furbetti... Controversial Figures of the Welfare State », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Tuesday, October 31, 2023, https://doi.org/10.58079/1c2g

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