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Being Absent: The Lives of Absentees

Être(s) absent(s·es)

“Journal Communications” (2025)

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Published on Monday, November 13, 2023

Abstract

This issue aims to bring together ethnographic explorations of the different ways a living or yet-to-be-born person becomes absent, socially transformed into a state of “not being someone”. Authors are also welcome to examine the concrete effects of passing from one condition to another, whether the product of violence and power relations or a life trajectory, on their personal and broader social and political environment. The idea is to propose a theoretical basis for reflection and discussion on the notions of the absent and the non-person, beyond binary and reductive oppositions (absent and present, non-person and person, visible and non-visible, living and non-living). We seek to gain an empirically based understanding of the multiple configurations that shape the experience of the condition of the absentee, partially reflected in the law, both as an individual and as a collective phenomenon.

Announcement

Argument

This issue aims to bring together ethnographic explorations of the different ways a living or yet-to-be-born person becomes absent, socially transformed into a state of “not being someone”. Authors are also welcome to examine the concrete effects of passing from one condition to another, whether the product of violence and power relations or a life trajectory, on their personal and broader social and political environment. The idea is to propose a theoretical basis for reflection and discussion on the notions of the absent and the non-person, beyond binary and reductive oppositions  (absent and present, non-person and person, visible and non-visible, living and non-living). We seek to gain an empirically based understanding of the multiple configurations that shape the experience of the condition of the absentee, partially reflected in the law, both as an individual and as a collective phenomenon.

Though many authors in humanities and social sciences have written on absence, few have focused on the condition and status of absentee persons. Philosophy has tackled it through analyses based on negative theology or an approach qualifying absence through everything that is not present and cannot be connected to the present via a material, visible form (Law, 2004). In addressing the question of absence, these analyses have focused on traces (Derrida, 1967), the relation to the other (Levinas, 1968), including and in particular, the other in the self, to identity, and death, as structuring the living present, and have nourished a phenomenology of temporality and its perception. Other works have debated the relevance of this phenomenological perspective to the man-world relationship and the dual conception of presence and absence, life and death (Dastur, 2007). They have called for an emphasis on the relational and processual dimension between two different entities, the absence of presence and the presence of absence. They were also interested in spectral forms and hauntings, which outline various extraordinary and banal practices rooted in experiences and their emotional, bodily, and practical dimensions.

The theme of absence is present in works of history, sociology, political science, and anthropology, in discussions related to memory, forms of memorialization linked to mourning, loss, trauma and, further, nostalgia, melancholy (Navaro-Yashin, 2009) or forms of making visible traces, including ghostly traces (Sturken, 2004; Rousillon, 2012; Gordon, 2008; Delaplace, 2008) of what is not or no longer visible. Some authors have addressed absence through everything that contributes to reinforcing invisibility and erasure, such as forms of exclusion, marginalization, and silence.

Adopting either the memory approach or the erasure and exclusion approach, many studies have tackled absence as both a collective and individual phenomenon, focusing on the specific cases of physical and symbolic violence perpetrated against particular populations in the context of civil or international conflict, state violence, and acts of terrorism. They have thus apprehended absence from the angle of spatiality - exploring its geography (Davidson et al., 2005) or its own narrative spaces (Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, 2015) -, materiality - including archives and documents that enable to document and prove the existence of those who have disappeared in the context of state crimes (García Castro, 2002). They have also questioned its specific forms of agency, mainly how the materiality of particular objects and places enables us to create specific links with those no longer present, even without any personal or lived connection to them. (Meyer & Woodthorpe, 2008).

This latter approach generally considers absence as an object of politics or, more broadly, as the mark of power relations covering varying degrees of absence - from irretrievable disappearance through mass extermination or targeted, individualized murder to absence through the disappearance of a bodily presence, or a minorized, marginalized presence within a social ensemble. Several studies have focused on the power of institutionalized, symbolic, commemorative, and discursive forms of absence production, including within scientific research. Trouillot, for example, underlines the successive material and physical operations that shape the writing of history (Trouillot, 1995) and the way it creates absence through the concomitant production of traces and silences, making certain narratives possible and others impossible, valorizing artifacts and sidelining or invisibilizing others. We find this approach in work on national or local heritage and official forms of representation of the past and how they marginalize, silence, or erase specific populations or categories of subjects (minorities, women..., etc.). Other works have focused more on the practices and different forms of action that produce absence, considering, in particular, the question of genocides and mass displacements, where social spaces are -partly- expunged of their former inhabitants, material goods, cultures, practices and languages (Benvenisti, 2002; Wylegala, 2015). These analyses also focus on space and materiality, fragments, ruins (Stoler, 2008), and “postsigns of memory” that constitute the marks of a manifest absence and would come to symbolize individuals and groups that are no longer there and/or no longer visible.Paradoxically, this particular interest in violence and depopulation movements questions the effects of the absence of an “Other” who most often takes the form of the vanquished - sometimes enemy, sometimes traitor, diminished civilian, “animal” to be exterminated ... - with whom precisely we no longer want to live together (Baussant, 2019). From then on, absence remains associated with a voluntary action to “make disappear,” to invisibilize, to definitively erase any trace of the presence of another/others. This “erasure” can also occur, paradoxically, through the reappropriation, or symbolically ambiguous enhancement, of the cultural heritage of the latter, as a form of relegation of their existence to a distant past, or under the guise of a subaltern cultural variant with no substance of its own that is commemorated in the absence of precisely those actors who are still alive, or their possible descendants (Baussant, 2021).

More often than not, absence is associated with forms of inability for those still present “to name what has been lost because the ‘who’ who has been lost (persons from the community of the so-called ‘enemy’, external or internal) cannot be officially known, named, recognized, or grieved over” (Navaro-Yashin, 2009, p. 16). Some analyses also point to the paradox that political and cultural efforts to silence the memory of others result in consistent mobilization and ultimately condemn people “to remember and remember and remember” (Confino, 2015). However, not only that: this fixation on remembering would lead to a rearrangement of their definition of self and time in terms of those who are not/no longer there but who can always become present again - in a “real” or ghostly form.

As D. Roazen-Heller (2021), being absent can refer to several meanings: being separated from others, not being represented as a member of the group with which one nevertheless identifies, being legally considered as having disappeared from one's place of residence, or having disappeared without official recognition. He links this condition of absence to a category of social “non-person”, vaguely and negatively defined in his preface before being discussed further in his book, as so many ways of “not to be someone”. Drawing in particular on history and the law in different societies, which categorize absence and presence, he develops a theoretical reflection on the varied forms of dispossession that accompany this condition of absenteeism, whose duration can vary over time - from one season to several generations. He underlines the multitude of individuals to whom it applies, which makes its analysis and general scope all the more complicated: the disappeared, people who have become “non-persons” in their societies of departure and whose bodily presence is no longer visible, often unexplained (those whose presence or absence is neither attested); individuals physically present in societies but whose rights and prerogatives have been reduced, the “silencers” of history and the “outsiders” (those whose legal, social or moral personality has been diminished); the dead, people who cease to be someone, without becoming an ordinary thing (2021 : 1-2) and remain alive in some way.

Numerous works in the humanities and social sciences have addressed these three categories defined by D. Roazen-Heller, which undoubtedly only exhausts some of the configurations of the absent condition. However, they have not constantly developed their approach towards a specific analysis of the absent condition, nor have they worked towards a more general understanding of the "multitude" who live with the “present”. The emphasis placed on materiality as a form of continuity in interrupted human lives (Byung-Chul Han, 2022) and its ability to mediate the affects and effects of absence without creating a link with the absent thus takes precedence over its temporal dimension, which is more difficult to describe and analyze. Yet the latter is very much present in works that reflect on absence in filiation and intergenerational relations, not just in terms of the disruption of presence, but as an essential possibility of existence: that of living together with those who are no longer present or alive, and those unpredictable ones who are not yet alive in the present, whom we carry within ourselves. A self that is “anachronistic in its very present, augmented at the same time is dislocated by the mourning or promise of the other in oneself, of another greater, older to younger than oneself, of another outside oneself in oneself” (Derrida, 2014:20). Finally, the conceptualization of absence in terms of opposition - absence versus presence, invisible versus visible -, often covers up the processual and relational dimension of the condition of “absentee”, the social fabric in which it is embedded and the actors themselves, both those who produce or experience the absence of others and those who traverse the condition or status of the absentee. Why and how does one become absent? How are this condition and status socially produced, and how do they affect individuals? This question not only concerns the absentees themselves but also calls for reflection on all the individuals who have a relationship, close or distant, with them: the people who may be responsible for their absence, those who live “next door” (for “present” absentees), those who stay (close family, friends, neighbours, etc.) and those who replace them in their place of residence (particularly in the context of massive depopulation movements).

In this issue, we invite the authors to address these questions. We wish to bring together contributions that explore the multiple configurations that shape the condition of absenteeism as a lived experience and a social “identity” that the law partially reflects, both as an individual and as a collective phenomenon.We wish for contributions focusing on the processual and relational dimension of the production of the absent, on how a space of absence is constructed, drawing links and interdependencies between those who are present and those who go through a process of assignment to a social identity of “absence”. They may also pay attention to the forms of affiliation or disaffiliation, belonging, and ruptures of belonging, and to their specific contexts that run through this relational space between present and absent, persons and “non-persons”.In particular, we expect authors to describe and analyze, through ethnographic material from concrete situations, the effects of this condition and distinct situations - conflictual, inscribed in relationships of force and power, and/or linked to the course of human existences and relationships - on all the individuals it impacts, in their diversity and their relationships, whether substantial or looser. Particular attention will be paid to how absentee status can affect specific categories of people, with differentiated properties and social positions defined beyond and beyond the categories of the law.The ambition of the issue is to reflect on the process of production of these “classic” categories of absentee according to Heller-Roazen (the missing, the diminished and the excluded, or the dead), as well as on the last category he proposes, that of “non-persons” in the contemporary world. Case studies dealing with the advent of the absent and the various relations between the absent and non-absent, also welcome to explore the “category” of the dead transversally, within three main themes:

  • Living with an absentee, living as an absentee

The aim here is to describe and analyze the situations of people impacted by the absence of others, by the absence of status, or by a diminished status (orphans, children of unknown fathers, foster/adopted children, parents without children, parents who have disappeared or are absent in prison, for example, people without papers or civil rights);

  • The return of the absent person

Particular attention will be paid to returning absentees and how they do - or do not - recover their legal rights - to property, nationality, inheritance, etc. - as well as their social and emotional rights - to reintegration into a family, a specific group, etc. - how they are perceived by those who stayed behind, and the concrete way in which they are (or are not) (re)included in the local or national community.

  • The production of the absent person

 The idea is to deepen our knowledge of the ways the notion of absent/missing or absent/unknown is produced/established by the various administrative and/or institutional authorities (including religious authorities, for example), particularly but not exclusively in situations of conflict, political violence (in countries that have experienced forced displacement or not, political change (the erased of Slovenia is one example) or authoritarian regimes), or other diverse situations that modify or impact individual trajectories, resulting in a “same” identity of absentee (for example, long-term migration, a spouse who disappears...). Particular attention will be paid to material effects of this fabrication on the individuals concerned - those defined as absent and their entourage.

We are particularly interested in proposals based on solid ethnography, enabling analysis of the processual and relational dynamics mentioned earlier, focusing on the to-and-fro between socio-ethnographic fieldwork and theoretical questioning of the lived experience and fabrication of absentees.

Timetable and Submission Terms

Proposals in the form of abstracts of approximately 3,000 characters (Word document) together with a short bibliography are to be sent by 6 January 2024. Authors are invited to define the scope of their study, the nature and extent of their data, and critically engage with the themes mentioned above.

Abstracts should mention the author's name, professional affiliation (if any) and email address and be sent to revue-communications@ehess.fr with “Etre(s) Absent(s.es)” in the subject line.

They will be reviewed in double blind and a reply will be sent by 31 January 2024. Manuscripts are to be submitted by 10 June 2024.

They must be unpublished and written in French or, exceptionally, in English. Their length must not exceed 25,000 characters, (including spaces), formatted according to the journal's stylesheet (https://www.revue-communications.fr/en/proposing-an-article/instructions-to-authors/) and accompanied by a 5-6 line abstract in French, English and Spanish, including the translated title and 5 key words in these three languages.

Review Process

Review process is available on the journal's website.

Scientific Board

  • Ramon Alvarado (Professor, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Mexico)
  • Balveer Arora (Director, Centre for Multilevel Federalism, Institute of Social Sciences, India)
  • Vincent Barras (Professor, University of Lausanne, Switzerland)
  • Maurice Bloch (Professor, London School of Economics, United Kingdom)
  • Manthia Diawara (Professor, New York University, United States)
  • Carlo Ginzburg (Professor, Ecole Normale Superiore of Pisa, Italy)
  • Angela Leung (Professor, Hong Kong Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Hong Kong)
  • Olgaria Matos (Professor, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil)
  • Masahiro Ogino (Professor, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan)
  • Serge Proulx (Professor, Université du Québec à Montréal, Québec)

Editorial Board

  • Michèle Baussant (Research Professor, CEFRES/ISP, CNRS)
  • André Burguière (Professor, CRH, EHESS)
  • Claude Fischler (Research Professor, LAP/LACI, CNRS)
  • Marie Glon (Associate Professor, CEAC, University of Lille)
  • Christophe Granger (Associate Professor, CIAMS, Université Paris-Saclay)
  • Claudine Haroche (Research Professor, LAP/LACI, CNRS)
  • Sylvain Lesage (Associate Professor, IRHiS, University of Lille)
  • Bernard Müller (Professor, Avignon art school/IRIS)
  • Véronique Nahoum-Grappe (Researcher, LAP/LACI, EHESS)
  • Bernard Paillard (Research Professor, TEMOS, CNRS)
  • Alfredo Pena-Vega (Researcher, LAP/LACI, CNRS)
  • Martyne Perrot (Researcher, LAP/LACI, CNRS)
  • Monique Peyrière (Researcher, CPN, University of Évry Paris-Saclay)
  • Thierry Pillon (Professor, University of Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne)
  • Philippe Roussin (Research Professor, CRAL, CNRS)

The Review Panel is composed of members of the Scientific Board and the Editorial Board as well as external experts.

Places

  • Paris, France (75)

Date(s)

  • Saturday, January 06, 2024

Keywords

  • absent.e, non-personne, marginalisation, mémoire, expérience, vécu, absence, absentee, non-person, marginalization, memory, experience, being, absent

Contact(s)

  • Evelyne Ribert
    courriel : ribert [at] ehess [dot] fr
  • Revue Communications
    courriel : revue-communications [at] ehess [dot] fr

Information source

  • Florence Neveux
    courriel : florence [dot] neveux [at] ehess [dot] fr

License

CC0-1.0 This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal.

To cite this announcement

« Being Absent: The Lives of Absentees », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Monday, November 13, 2023, https://doi.org/10.58079/1c5c

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