HomeThe Americans in the western Mediterranean (1942-1945)

HomeThe Americans in the western Mediterranean (1942-1945)

The Americans in the western Mediterranean (1942-1945)

Les américains en Méditerranée occidentale (1942-1945)

Gli americani nel Mediterraneo occidentale (1942-1945)

Landings, liberation and the "pax americana"

Débarquements, libération et « pax americana »

Sbarco, liberazione e “pax americana”

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Published on Tuesday, December 12, 2023

Abstract

The objective of this meeting is to refocus the history of landings and subsequent military liberation operations in the Western Mediterranean, between 1942 and 1945, from an American perspective. Indeed, from Operation Torch in North Africa to the landing in Provence in August 1944 and the final battles in Italy in the spring of 1945, the United States asserted their decisions over the British within the coalition. Furthermore, the arrival of thousands of American soldiers, coupled with the installation of dozens of military bases in North Africa, Italy, Southern France, and Corsica, was accompanied by the establishment of various administrative structures by the United States to ensure a return to order and to set up a kind of "Pax Americana" according to their own interests. The interactions of these soldiers with the local populations sometimes lead to tensions. The aim, from a comparative perspective, is to go beyond the simple military dimension and broaden the study of this theater of operations to include political, economic, social, and cultural fields.

Announcement

Call for Paper for a conference

Argument

Both in memory and in recent historiography, the Provence landings, soon to celebrate their 80th anniversary, remain a secondary operation whose main objective was to support the Allied troops landing from Normandy, by liberating the southern France and its ports of Marseille and Toulon. In military terms, Dragoon is remembered only for its rapid success and modest losses, facilitated by the German’s retreat’s swiftness. Emphasis is placed above all on the importance of the 1st Army, whose massive commitment helped to restore France's image. More recently, attention has been given to the contribution of colonial troops, highlighting the recognition of African soldiers.  The role of American divisions is barely mentioned. The fighting carried out by some of them east of the Alpes-Maritimes until early 1945 is all but forgotten, as is the parallel establishment of the American logistical base in the Marseille area. In diplomatic terms, the operation is analysed primarily through the spectrum of disagreements between Roosevelt and Churchill, the former's gamble in favor of Provence ultimately prevailing to the detriment of the Italian front supported by the latter. Few studies, however, place this landing in a broader geographical and historical context — the Western Mediterranean, which, from Operation Torch in 1942 to the last battles in Italy in spring of 1945, became a significant theatre of operations, albeit still secondary, for the Allied armies in general, and the American armies in particular.

In this extensive area, Anvil-Dragoon concludes a series of landings and liberation campaigns in North Africa, Sicily, southern Italy and Corsica, mainly orchestrated by the United States. With their sometimes disconcertingly pragmatic policy and military strength, the Americans managed to impose their decisions on the British and turn the balance of power within the coalition around. Far from considering the Western Mediterranean as a secondary front, President Roosevelt paid particular attention to it. Beyond immediate military issues, he set out to establish, or impose, new political and diplomatic foundations to prepare for the post-war period. In this perspective, the arrival of thousands of American soldiers, couple with the establishment of dozens of military bases in North Africa, Italy, Southern France and Corsica, was accompanied by the setting up of various administrative structures by the United States to ensure a return to order, prevent uprisings and accompany the complex phases of political transitions by attempting to steer them in their direction. The populations, in turn, benefited from food distributions and initial reconstruction aid. However, the relationships between populations, local authorities and members of the American army remained ambivalent everywhere.

The aim of this meeting is to refocus the history of landings and military liberation operations in the Western Mediterranean in the light of this American perspective. On each battlefield, the specificities and evolutions of the US strategy, the composition of their units, the coordination of their forces with the other Allied armies and various local resistance movements will be examined from a comparative perspective. However, it will also be necessary to go beyond the simple field of military history, in order to apprehend the relationships maintained at local level by the American military authorities with the civilian authorities (or what remains of them), with a goal of political recovery. On the economic, social and cultural levels, it may be interesting to highlight the spin-offs of such an American presence, as well as the ambivalence and complexity of the relationships that may have developed, from near or far, between the military and civilian populations.

Several themes will be addressed:

One aim is to compare the strengths and weaknesses of American troops during the landings in North Africa, Sicily, Southern Italy and Provence, their specific compositions, and their relationships on various combat ground with soldiers from other Allied units. One may also question how the headquarters could have relied on local resistance to prepare their operations, and the consequences of such collaborations for the resistance groups themselves.

Outside combat moments, we'll be describing the various military and logistical structures set up for staff and troops, and detailing their day-to-day lives. One can shed light on the organisation of rest within these bases, or in specific structures like the leave centre on the Côte d’Azur, as well the exploration of the country and its populations, whether spontaneous or supervised, and inseparable from certain cultural and racial prejudices. In return, the gaze of the locals on the American modernity conveyed by the GI's is accompanied by a certain ambivalence, which the latter's behaviour does little to alleviate.

From a political point of view, we will assess the degree of dependence of occupied or liberated territories in relation to the establishment of specific American administrative and police structures. This degree of dependence led to exacerbated sense of loss of sovereignty from the local elites, as well as in North Africa, to a deterioration of America's image in the eyes of populations eager to free themselves from colonization. Faced with these hopes of the colonized peoples, it is then a matter of understanding the role and ambiguity of America's stance throughout the period.

Finally, on the memorial level, one can question the evolution, since 1945, of the locally accorded place to the role played by the Americans in these liberation operations. Today, the network of American cemeteries is hardly sufficient to fill a relative commemorative void or, at the very least, a certain lack of interest in remembrance, which we will attempt to explain.

Submission guidelines

Proposals for papers should be sent at the latest to the following address: nathalie.ubeda@yahoo.com

by February 29, 2024

They should consist of a one-page presentation of the paper, indicating title, subject, method and sources, and a short CV (one page maximum). The conference will pay for accommodation, part of the catering, and transportation, if required. However, speakers are invited to contact their institution for the payment of all or part of their travel expenses.

Scientific committee

  • Nicolas Badalassi, ScPo Aix, Mesopolhis
  • François Dumasy, ScPo Aix, Mesopolhis
  • Jérémy Guedj, CMMC, Université Côte d’Azur
  • Hélène Harter, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne
  • Ralph Schor, CMMC, Université Côte d’Azur
  • Nathalie Ubéda, CMMC, Université Côte d’Azur

Places

  • Citadelle, Place Emmanuel Philibert 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer
    Villefranche-sur-Mer, France (06)

Event attendance modalities

Hybrid event (on site and online)


Date(s)

  • Thursday, February 29, 2024

Keywords

  • armée américaine, débarquements, méditerranée, libération, afrique du nord, sicile, italie, corse, provence, riviera

Contact(s)

  • Nathalie Ubéda
    courriel : nathalie [dot] ubeda [at] yahoo [dot] com
  • ellegrinetti ellegrinetti
    courriel : Jean-Paul [dot] PELLEGRINETTI [at] univ-cotedazur [dot] fr

Information source

  • Nathalie Ubéda
    courriel : nathalie [dot] ubeda [at] yahoo [dot] com

License

CC0-1.0 This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal.

To cite this announcement

« The Americans in the western Mediterranean (1942-1945) », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Tuesday, December 12, 2023, https://doi.org/10.58079/1ccm

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