HomeMoving Images. Memory and Filmic Traces in the African Worlds

Moving Images. Memory and Filmic Traces in the African Worlds

Images en mouvement. Mémoire et traces filmiques des mondes africains

“Cahiers d’études africaines” Journal

Revue « Cahiers d’études africaines »

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Published on Wednesday, July 17, 2024

Abstract

This Cahiers d’Études africaines special issue proposes to take stock of the history of the African worlds’ cinematographic memory based on its traces, fragments, and their usages. The aim is to approach these films and the situations and places that they offer us as moving image-memories, but also as documents, through the study of their materiality, their destiny, and their accessibility. 

Announcement

Outline

In his film Au cimetière de la pellicule (The Cemetery of Cinema), Guinean filmmaker Thierno Souleymane Diallo (2023) sets out on a quest to find the first short film made by compatriot filmmaker, Mamadi Touré, in 1953. Celebrated as a founding moment in all histories of African cinema since Guy Hennebelle (1972) and Paulin Soumanou Vieyra (1975), the cult short film, Mouramani, remains untraceable today. Feeling dispossessed of part of his history, Diallo goes to meet all those who might remember this now mythical film. But no one, in the end, can swear to have seen it. Throughout this personal quest, which takes the form of a tale about the memory of a phantom film, Diallo roams the cinematographic ruins—those of his country—and, in despair, ends up recreating this film of which he fails to find a copy himself.  

Disappearances and restorations are an integral part of film history (Leroy 2013). But some corpuses are more forgotten than others, which itself raises questions. Like Thierno Souleymane Diallo, several of us—filmmakers and researchers—interested in the history and anthropology of the African worlds are trying to trace films, screenplays, or shooting logs significant of their era, which we know existed, were sold, read, celebrated, or attacked, but which remain difficult to access or even impossible to locate. The hypothesis behind this research is that access to new fragments of corpuses, or to new cinematographic textual sources might at least in part contribute to reconsidering the way in which the history of cinema in Africa has been written, and to enriching the history of knowledge and its transmission. This genealogical approach can also be applied to films made before and after Independence, or shot more recently in the spaces of living, speaking, and forgetting in which the past is recounted through narratives and artifacts, but also silences and disappearances.

The study of moving images is about loss, but it is also about traces, fragments, and memories ; above all, it is about the uses made—or that can be made today—of films and places filmed as materials that can be appropriated or become archives or sources. While incontestable interest has been shown in the beginnings of African cinema, and despite Jean Rouch’s (1967 : 386) circumstantial remark that Mouramani was “of somewhat limited interest,” reinforcing the hypothesis that its disappearance has possibly helped boost its aura, focus on films from the colonial period appears more problematic as it immediately raises ethical, political, and methodological questions. These disparate works—exoticizing fictions, travel and expedition films, propaganda films, corporate movies, missionary films, newsreels, amateur footage, ethnographic films—have in common the fact that they were made not by Africans, but by and for Europeans or Americans.

While many works have focused on colonial cinema in Africa (Bloom 2008), the demarcation between African cinema (Diawara 1992, 2010) and ethnographic film (Henley 2017) is more porous than it at first may seem, as Samuel Lelièvre (2013) points out. Lelièvre indeed invites us to take the somewhat “arbitrary epistemological division” between these different film categories with precaution, and to favour a “problematized history” rather than a “narrativized history” that can be criticized for too often being teleological. As reflections of their time, the films made during the colonial period helped visibilize the imperialist project with more or less emphasis or nuance and were for the main part shot without the consent of those filmed. Exerting a real violence as it exhibited those filmed, relegating them to the ranks of extras in their own stories, dispossessing them of their image, the legitimate condemnation of the “colonial gaze” should nonetheless not systematically lead us to neglect some of these films’ interest from a dual perspective of the history of film practices and that of historiographic and anthropological knowledge. A film is always necessarily the product of an encounter whose modalities it is fitting to question. And, on closer examination, it appears that African actors—in the sense of social actors—were often involved in the filmmaking processes : actors in front of the camera, assistants behind the camera, sound recordists, translators, working on logistics, etc. At times, they—men or women—were the recipients of symbolic honorific and concretely political effects, which some shooting situations generated in loco, attesting to modes of collaboration. Contrastingly, those filmed at times could adopt strategies of avoidance or resistance. Our approach is not categorical, then ; it is relational, attentive to moments that potentially gave space to voices long silenced or unheard, vizibilizing forgotten, overlooked, or simply sidelined situations, and establishing the correlations and genealogies that allow other histories to emerge.

Open to all film corpuses from the African worlds, whether made during the colonial and postcolonial periods, or questioning today the emblematic spaces and contemporary narrations recalling and recreating these periods, our special issue aims more specifically to draw attention to these films’ history and social lives, and to their current usages. The aim is, then, to contextualize them and to reexamine the conditions in which they were shot, produced, programmed, and discussed at the time, to look at their different copies or versions, and to question their future, their having been forgotten, their rediscovery, their new usages, and the possible place that they occupy in local and contemporary scholarly, artistic, and popular discourses. In complement to a representation-based approach, it is useful to recall that these films have a complex social and material life, and that they can also be apprehended as the medium of social relations and a dialogue between the past and present. The cross-sectional analysis of their existences, anthropological spaces, and historical and political contexts will thus be one of the main threads of this special issue, with the understanding that the corpus of films envisaged may include anticolonial films from the colonial period ; the disappearance, then reappearance in the 1980s, of the negatives of René Vautier’s Afrique 50 come to mind, for example (Vautier & Le Thomas 2013), as do films confiscated by governments themselves involved in the anticolonial struggles, such as Sarah Maldoror’s Des Fusils pour Banta (Guns for Banta) (Abonnenc 2010).

Contributions may freely focus on all the former imperial spaces in Africa and may incorporate comparative or transnational and diasporic dimensions. Based on a knowledge of film history and of the populations filmed and their societies today, approaches combining archive and field research will be favoured, in order to position these films as an important historiographic and theoretical question, but also placing ethical and methodological issues at the heart of our reflection. How can controversial documents that were sometimes condemned and forgotten at the time of Independence and relegated to the depths of inventories, that did not have a commercial destiny, and are often materially ruined, constitute traces to write the social and anthropological history of the African worlds ? To what extent have analytical perspectives been renewed these past few years in connection notably with the development of digital infrastructures that sometimes give visibility or access to what was not, or little so, previously ? In what way have the debates concerning the restitution of African cultural heritage, whose diachronic depth when it comes to the audiovisual Flora Losch (2022) recently recalled, given rise to new approaches ? How, far from rhetorical and moralizing readings of the past through the lens of the present, have they helped complexify reflection on the remediation of this corpus ? What are this corpus’ practices of redocumentation, and what place is made for the descendants of the filmed subjects of the past—who are not always those who claim to be their heirs today—or again for revisiting the shooting locations ? Finally, how can recent films propose other historic visions or narrations, whether they revisit old shooting locations or memories of the colonial period, or whether they remobilize filmed archives, as the Algerian writer-filmmaker Assia Djebar (1982) did in Zerda ou les chants de l’oubli (The Zerda and the Songs of Forgetting), which is undoubtedly one of the first film essays to bring different historic narrations into dialogue, giving an alternative voice in counterpoint to the images of the colonial era ? And what questions do film common practices of revisiting, reconstituting and re-using the archives specifically pose ?

This Cahiers d’Études africaines special issue thus proposes to take stock of the history of the African worlds’ cinematographic memory based on its traces, fragments, and their usages. The aim is to approach these films and the situations and places that they offer us as moving image-memories, but also as documents, through the study of their materiality, their destiny, and their accessibility ; to re-situate them in the different moments in which they have been actualized and the guiding intentions behind this ; to re-consider the connections between the historiographies of colonial cinema, ethnographic cinema, and the cinema of different African countries, which are too often approached linearly as a gradual process of decolonization ; to renew working methods by creating a dialogue between the archives and field research ; to question the categories, anachronisms, and paradoxes of the notion of “film heritage” ; to think the reasons for which these animated visions of the past forged, distorted, or haunted by colonial history, are forgotten, re-mediated, then reemployed and appropriated by artists, filmmakers, researchers, or members from the populations filmed.

Editors

This special issue is proposed by

  • Gabrielle Chomentowski (CNRS-CHS)
  • Gaetano Ciarcia (CNRS- IMAF)
  • Damien Mottier (EPHE-IMAF)

Submision guidelines

Deadline : please send abstracts, in English or in French, before September 30, 2024, midnight (GMT+1).

Proposals are to be sent to :

  • gabrielle.chomentowski@univ-paris1.fr
  • ciarcia.gaetano@wanadoo.fr
  • damienmottier@gmail.com

Proposals should be in Word format, using 12-point Times New Roman font, and single-space lines. Please indicate : the author(s)’ name, surname, affiliation(s), status, contact address ; the proposed title ; the research field(s) presented and data collection method(s) ; a resume of the argument proposed (maximum 500 words).

Authors will be informed of the acceptance of their proposals on October 30, 2024 and the deadline for the reception of the first draft of all articles will be on April 30, 2025. The publication of this special issue is scheduled for the first half of 2026.

Bibliography

  • ABONNENC M. K., 2010, Des       fusils       pour       Banta, un   film de    Sarah Maldoror, <https://www.cnap.fr/sites/default/files/01_CNAP_MKA_2010_0.pdf>.
  • BLOOM P., 2008, French Colonial Documentary : Mythologies of Humanitarianism, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
  • BLÜMLINGER C., 2013, Cinéma de seconde main : esthétique du remploi dans l’art du film et des nouveaux médias, Paris, Klincksieck (« Collection d’esthétique »).
  • BOULANGER P., 1975, Le cinéma colonial. De L’Atlantide à Lawrence d’Arabie, Paris, Seghers.
  • CASTRO T. & DO CARMO PIÇARRA M., 2017, (Re)imagining African Independence Film, Visual Arts and the Fall of the Portuguese Empire, Oxford, Peter Lang.
  • COLLEYN J.-P., 1988, « Anthropologie visuelle et études africaines », Cahiers d’’Études africaines, 111112 : 513-526.
  • CONVENTS G., 1986, À la recherche des images oubliées. Préhistoire du cinéma en Afrique, 1897-1918, Bruxelles, OCIC-Publications (« Cinémédia »).
  • DIAWARA M., 1992, African Cinema. Culture and Politics, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
  • DIAWARA M., 2010, African Film : New Forms of Aesthetics and Politics, London, Prestel.
  • FAIR L., 2018, Reel Pleasures : Cinema Audiences and Entrepreneurs in 20th Century Urban Tanzania, Athens, Ohio University Press.
  • FERRAZ DE MATOS P., 2016, « Images of Africa ? Portuguese Films and Documentaries Related to the Former Colonies in Africa (first half of the 20th century), Comunicação e Sociedade, 29 : 175-196. FUHRMANN W., 2015, Imperial Projections : Screening the German Colonies, New York-Oxford, Berghahn Books.
  • GOERG O., 2015, Fantômas sous les tropiques. Aller au cinéma en Afrique coloniale, Paris, Vendémiaire.
  • HENLEY P., 2017, « Avant Jean Rouch : le cinéma “ethnographique” français tourné en Afrique subsaharienne », Journal des africanistes, 87 : 34-62.
  • HENNEBELLE G., 1972, Les cinémas africains, Dakar, Société africaine d’édition.
  • LELIÈVRE S., 2013, « Les cinémas africains dans l’histoire. D’une historiographie (éthique) à venir », 1895. Mille huit cent quatre-vingt-quinze, 69 : 136-147.
  • LEROY E., 2013, Cinémathèques et archives du film, Paris, Armand Colin.
  • LOSCH F., 2022, « Penser le rapatriement du patrimoine audiovisuel africain avec la Recommandation de l’Unesco de 1980 : les apports d’un vieux débat intergouvernemental (1974-1991) », Politique africaine, 165 : 167-186.
  • METSCHEL V., 2015, « Détours et retours : la mobilité des archives du cinéma algérien », Africultures, 101-102 : 116-125.
  • PIAULT M.-H., 2000, Anthropologie et cinéma, Passage à l’image, passage par l’image, Paris, Nathan. PINÇONNAT C., 2014, « De l’usage postcolonial de l’archive. Quelques pistes de réflexion », Amnis, 13, <https://journals.openedition.org/amnis/2187>.
  • RAMIREZ F. & ROLLOT C., 1985, Histoire du cinéma colonial au Zaïre, au Rwanda et au Burundi, Tervuren, Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale.
  • RAMOS A., 2020, « Portuguese and Belgian Colonial Cinema. The Films of Two Small Big Countries in Africa », Cahiers d’Études africaines, 239 : 555-583.
  • RICE T., 2019, Films for the Colonies. Cinema and the Preservation of the British Empire, Oakland, University of California Press.
  • ROBERTS A., 1987, « Africa on Film to 1940 », History in Africa, 14 : 189-227.
  • ROUCH J., 1967, « Situation et tendance du cinéma en Afrique », Catalogue films ethnographiques sur l’Afrique noire, Paris, UNESCO : 374-408.
  • STEINLE M. & MAECK J. (DIR.), 2016, L’image d’archives, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes. THACKWAY M., 2003, Africa Shoots Back : Alternative Representations in Sub-Saharan Francophone African Film, Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
  • VAN SCHUYLENBERGH P. & ZANA AZIZA ETAMBALA M., 2010, Patrimoine d’Afrique centrale, archives filmiques. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, 1912-1960, Tervuren, Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale. VAUTIER R. & LE THOMAS M., 2013, Afrique 50, des massacres de la colonisation ; De sable et de sang, aux naufragés des temps modernes, Paris, Les Mutins de Pangée.
  • VIEYRA P. S., 1975, Le cinéma africain, des origines à nos jours, Paris, Présence africaine.

Filmography

  • DIALLO T. S., 2023, Au cimetière de la pellicule, L’image d’après, France-Sénégal-Guinée.
  • DJEBAR A., 1982, Zerda ou les chants de l’oubli, Radio Télévision Algérienne, Algérie.
  • MALDOROR S., 1970, Des fusils pour Banta, Office national du commerce et de l’industrie cinématographique algérien, Guinée-Bissau-Algérie.
  • SEMBENE O. & FATY SOW T., Camp de Thiaroye, Sénégal-Algérie-Tunisie.
  • TOURÉ M., 1953, Mouramani, France.
  • VAUTIER R., 1950, Afrique 50, Ligue de l’enseignement, France.

Subjects


Date(s)

  • Monday, September 30, 2024

Keywords

  • mémoires, cinéma, films, archives, Afrique, diaspora,

Contact(s)

  • Gaetano Ciarcia
    courriel : ciarcia [dot] gaetano [at] wanadoo [dot] fr

Information source

  • Marie-Aude Fouere
    courriel : cahiers-afr [at] ehess [dot] fr

License

CC0-1.0 This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal.

To cite this announcement

« Moving Images. Memory and Filmic Traces in the African Worlds », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Wednesday, July 17, 2024, https://doi.org/10.58079/1211w

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