HomeThe making of education in the South

The making of education in the South

La fabrique de l’éducation dans les Suds

La fábrica de la educación en los países del Sur

RIED 261

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Published on Friday, June 06, 2025

Abstract

This issue aims to analyse recent changes in education systems in developing countries, where demand for education is high but research in this area is limited. Based on empirical studies, the issue examines the roles, dynamics and strategies of traditional, emerging and new educational stakeholders, as well as the impact of the diversification of educational provision. This ranges from 'premium' establishments for the elite to 'bottom-of-the-range' courses for the most disadvantaged. The issue examines the growing segmentation of the education market and the resulting regulatory measures, considering their potential to either harmonise or exacerbate inequalities in access to education at various levels (local, national and international).

Announcement

 

 

Countries in the global South account for most of the demand for education in the world, and this demand is increasing at all levels of schooling, from primary to higher education. In Africa, for example, the world's youngest and fastest-growing continent, 173 million children will be of school age by 2030, and the number of tertiary students could double (Nguembock, 2023). This demand for education is at the heart of the education policies of several international organisations, which aim to ensure greater school attendance and improve the quality of education, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and in particular the goal of access to quality education (SDG 4).

Although progress has been made in access to education since the 1990s (Delaunay et al., 2021; Unicef and African Union, 2021, Pourtier, 2010), a significant number of young people are still excluded, particularly in central and southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (Unesco, 2024). As a result, school and university infrastructures are at times insufficient and unable to cope with the ever-increasing number of school-age children. Moreover, since the introduction of structural adjustment plans in the 1980s and their aftermath, which often recommended public investment that was too low to achieve the stated school enrolment targets, the observed increase in access to education has often been achieved at the expense of quality (Lange, 2001, 2003).

Argument

These discrepancies go hand in hand with the structuring of an education market governed by the logics of output, performance and competition, favouring the gradual deregulation and diversification of its players. Since Milton Friedman's famous and controversial 1962 book on the reasons for public intervention in education, the idea of an education sector linked to a state monopoly has gained ground, paving the way for a series of neo-liberal reforms (Ball, 2012). From the mid-1980s onwards, the increased interventionism of international donors in the definition, implementation and funding of education programmes (Lange, 2003) contributed to the deregulation of this sector and its placing on the market. This process, which transforms education into a commercial product, has moved schools away from being a pure public good (Hugon, 2005) and turned them into a service governed by the laws of supply and demand, dictated by the movement to liberalise and privatise education systems around the world. The idea has sometimes infiltrated families - caught up in the logic of bypassing public education systems when they have the means to do so - that paid education is synonymous with “better quality”, even though the positive effects of the waves of education privatisation have not been rigorously evaluated (Mary et al. 2023; Verger et al., 2016).

The aspiration of countries in the South to join the broad project of educational globalisation (Nyamba, 2005) and their dependence on the liberal prescriptions driven by international donors orchestrating the “new world education order” (Laval and Weber, 2002) have encouraged the introduction of a succession of structural reforms. These reforms have helped to restructure the relationships between the various players in the field of education and to transform collective perceptions of educational institutions and the missions assigned to them. However, they have not eliminated the various legacies of previous education systems, such as the influence of religious institutions or the bureaucratic practices inherited from colonisation, which continue to shape current educational structures and dynamics, revealing complex and plural educational landscapes.

Analysing the political and social effects of the structural reforms imposed by this “new world education order” is not new to development studies. A number of studies have analysed the various forms taken by the internationalisation of education in Africa (Lange and Henaff, 2015), and have looked at the many “ways of doing school”, exploring the negotiations and adaptations, at different scales, of these global reference systems (Charton, 2015). And the process seems to be accelerating like a ‘pioneering front’. Today, we are witnessing the corporatisation of education, which encompasses economic, social, political, moral and spatial considerations (Delage et al., forthcoming). This dynamic is helping to spread the neo-liberalisation of education, the influence of which has gradually spread (Nafaa et al., forthcoming; Jober, 2024; Charton and Noûs, 2020). This is reflected in the growing investment in digital technology, with the development of virtual schools and universities, and EdTech start-ups offering online training, teaching and tutoring. By positioning themselves as alternatives to traditional educational offerings, these structures are transforming learning methods and redefining educational relationships, following a business model based on reducing costs and increasing (virtual) capacity for pupils and students.

In this context, the countries of the South are now seen as a promising educational market, both in terms of consumption and investment (Chapus et al., 2021). Whether they come from the middle classes or the poorest fringes of society, these populations are seen as targets in the context of an education market extended to all. Investments in this field are now being made not only by major international groups, but also increasingly by entrepreneurs from the South, particularly among the very wealthy.

More complex and hybrid educational landscapes are emerging from these developments. The forms of marketisation described above have gradually transformed education systems: they no longer simply juxtapose an “elitist” private sector alongside the public sector, but now encompass a myriad of heterogeneous private establishments, some of which are of mediocre quality (Gérard, 2023), thereby reopening the crucial question of regulation.

Expected proposals and objectives of the issue

This issue of the Revue internationale des études du développement aims to document changes in education systems in the South, where the demand for education is strongest and where, paradoxically, there is the least educational research (Akkari and Payet, 2010).

Through empirical studies, it intends to investigate the positioning, rationale, roles and contributions of key education actors in the South - traditional, emerging and new - as well as their evolutionary dynamics in terms of ruptures and continuities, leading to the construction of more complex and more autonomous education systems, in competition with the traditionally dominant education poles. In so doing, the dossier also seeks to identify and understand, at different levels, the effects of the accelerating trends that have been at work for over three decades.

The aim is also to understand the (re-)configurations of the ecosystems of dedicated players, and the evolution of their influence on the education systems themselves. From this perspective, what educational models are being proposed, particularly in informal urban areas where public services are becoming increasingly rare? Current educational provision is characterised by a growing segmentation of the education market, ranging from “premium” offers, reserved for pupils and students from the most privileged families, to “bottom-of-the-range” courses, aimed at those from the poorest backgrounds. We will be looking at how these different offers are developed, as well as the strategies put in place to “place and sell” them to different categories of population. This heterogeneity also raises questions about the forms of regulation developed, their legitimisation and (re)appropriation by the various players in the sector. How do they influence interactions between educational players? To what extent do they help to harmonise the education system or, on the contrary, reinforce inequalities in access to education? At what levels do they operate (local, national and international, etc.)?

This special issue also aims to study, as far as individuals and households are concerned, the social representations of current educational opportunities and the uses to which they are put, both from the point of view of professional integration and in terms of social (re-)positioning strategies.

The articles of this issue could also analyse the way in which individuals and families from the South perceive the opportunities offered by the education market, and how these perceptions influence their decisions, particularly in terms of access to training deemed to offer better prospects of professional integration. We would also welcome contributions identifying the strategies put in place to take advantage of these educational markets, whether to consolidate an already established social position or to aim for upward social mobility. The rationale behind these choices can be explored in greater depth, highlighting differences in perception between different social categories and examining the effects of these strategies on individuals' socio-professional trajectories.

This thematic issue seeks to bring together articles that empirically examine the above-mentioned educational dynamics using a variety of methods (qualitative, quantitative, mixed).

The articles may cover all levels of education (from pre-primary to higher education) and come from any discipline in the humanities and social sciences.

The issue will be analysed from the perspective of the realities of the global South. The term “global South” is considered here as a geopolitical concept (Andrieu, 2024; Capdepuy, 2023). It refers to a group of states, mainly located in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Oceania, which share common socio-economic, historical and political challenges, particularly in relation to colonial legacies, inequalities in development and relations of dependence in the global economy.

Suggested areas for contributions

To guide contributions to this issue, we propose three thematic axes, in which any contributions can fit without being limited to a single theme.

Axis 1: Education entrepreneurs “under the microscope”

The continuing growth in the school population in the South, combined with the idea of a buoyant market, has precipitated the arrival in the education sector of a myriad of actors in Africa, Asia and Latin America, some of whom were previously outside the sector. The aim of this special report is to retrace the career paths of those investing in education, sometimes referred to as “edupreneurs” (Giband et al., 2024). The aim is to study these internal and external players and their career paths in great detail, looking at the many reasons why they invest in this field and exploring the levers they use to promote their investment and distinguish themselves from the public sector. This line of research also aims to understand the pedagogical models implemented by these educational entrepreneurs, to question the content of the programmes they offer, to examine the profile of the teachers they hire, and to analyse the spatial dynamics generated (in particular, the establishment of offshore campuses and their effects on student mobility) as well as the socially distinctive uses of education to which they contribute.

Axis 2: Financialisation and educational euergetism in and from the South

Major international groups have invested in the education markets of the South and continue to demonstrate their “appetite” for economic growth. They occupy every educational niche and the demand for private education now covers the entire social spectrum. Groups such as France's Galileo Global Education are now investing in the higher education sector in French-speaking Africa, probably more in the “top end”, as in Senegal, where they have acquired a stake in the ISM group in Dakar, or Bridge International Academy, which is more active in the low-cost segment at primary and secondary level. We are also seeing the emergence of education multinationals from the South, such as the Brazilian company Objectivo, which has a strong presence in Latin America and Portuguese-speaking countries, and the Chinese group Weidong, which operates in Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. There is also the African network Enko education and its ‘international’ schools. However, the activities of these multinational education companies in the South have been little studied. Their deployment in these parts of the world would be a suitable subject for the dossier.

Recent transformations in education have also seen a rise in the activities of private philanthropic foundations, whether or not they originate from the South. These include major US foundations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Hewlett Foundation, as well as European foundations such as the Swiss-based Jacobs Foundation, which has launched educational initiatives in cocoa-producing areas of Côte d'Ivoire. This can also be the case for foundations based in the South, such as the Dangote foundation of Nigerian billionaire Ali Dangote, or the Lemann foundation of Brazilian billionaire Jorge Paulo Lemann (Adriao, da Silva, 2025). Smaller, but nonetheless important, initiatives may also come from political elites who practise a form of ‘school evergetism’ (Languille, 2015), or from local or national notables who are prepared to invest part of their funds to support education systems. This practice is likely to consolidate the leader's power over his community and his chances of being (re)elected.

Proposals for articles in this area could usefully shed light on the underlying reasons for the involvement of these actors in the education sector in the South, dissecting the funding mechanisms deployed and the logics of support and resistance.

Axis 3: Redeployment and recomposition of State action

At the heart of the “education factory”, the state does not fade into the background, but rather reposition itself strategically, interacting differently with the players in the sector. This reorganisation reflects changes in the role of the state, which used to be the guarantor of development and the main regulator of public policy, but whose role has been profoundly reshaped since the structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) of the 1980s-1990s and their aftermath, transferring an increasing proportion of its prerogatives to international donors and private players. This process of privatisation is spreading to the heart of public education systems in an “endogenous” way (Ball and Youdel, 2007): market logics are penetrating the public sphere, imposing entrepreneurial tools and standards derived from New Public Management (quantitative benchmarking and results-based management, public-private partnerships, etc.). To this end, a number of studies suggest that we should look beyond the opposition between public and private in order to better understand the current dynamics of governance in the education sector in the South (Nay, 2017; Daviet, 2023; Vinokur, 2004; Ball, 2009).

Since the early 2000s there has been a de facto “return” of the state, with a redefined role (Peck and Tickel, 2002). "Rehabilitated” (Grégoire and Lange, 2018), the State retains a steering role (Hibou, 2013) and a delegating role; bureaucratisation is rethought in terms of agencies that are separate from administrations and endowed with a degree of autonomy (agencification), meant to improve the effectiveness of public action (Overman and Van Thiel, 2016).

The proposals put forward here will examine the modes of regulation and/or educational delegation put in place by governments, as well as the way in which their relations with other private players are evolving, whether they be “edupreneurs”, NGOs or social groups of a community, religious or civic nature.

Submission guidelines

Submitting the proposal

The authors must submit an abstract in French, English, or Spanish, presenting their proposal in approximately 4,000 characters (with spaces), i.e. about 500 words or one page.

The Word file for the abstract must be entitled “AUTHOR’S SURNAME-Proposal-260,” and must include:

  • the title: short and precise, 70 characters maximum (with the possibility of adding a subtitle);
  • the research question, the theoretical framework, the fieldwork, and the main results;
  • the bibliographical references (not included in the character count).

For each author, a second file entitled “AUTHOR’S SURNAME-info” must include their first name and last name, their discipline, status, institutional affiliation, email address, and the name of the corresponding author.

For the proposals to be examined, it is essential that they follow these guidelines. Their suitability to the call for papers will be determined by the guest editors and the journal’s editorial board.

Submitting the paper

The proposals must be submitted  to:

  • hichamjmd@gmail.com
  • kevin.mary@univ-perp.fr
  • revdev@univ-paris1.fr

by June 10, 2025

The authors whose proposals have been selected will be invited to send a first draft of their article, which must absolutely follow the Guidelines for Authors. The articles will then be submitted to a double-blind peer review by two external reviewers who are experts on the topic.

The articles (45,000 characters with spaces, excluding the abstract and references) may be written in French, English, or Spanish. They must be original work. They may however have been presented at a conference (with proceedings), as long as they have been adapted to the format required by the Revue internationale des études du développement, but the author must not submit their paper to another journal simultaneously.

The references cited must be presented in APA format.

Publication Calendar

The authors agree to comply with the calendar.

  • The authors preselected by the editors and the editorial committee will be notified by the editorial team the week of June 17, 2025.
  • The first version of the article, following the journal’s guidelines for authors, must be submitted by the authors to the aforementioned email addresses by August 29, 2025.
  • The evaluation process will take a few months; each – anonymous – article will be submitted to a double blind peer review by two external reviewers who are experts on the topic. Requesting a first version of the article does not constitute a commitment from the journal to publish the aforementioned article, which must be approved by the editorial committee, following the different steps in the evaluation process. No 261 2026-2 is expected to be published in June 2026.

Editors

  • Hicham Jamid, sociologist, post-doctoral fellow at Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD)
  • Kévin Mary, sociologist, post-doctoral fellow in geography, senior lecturer at Université de Perpignan Via Domitia

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Lange, M.-F., & Henaff, N. (2015). Politiques, acteurs et systèmes éducatifs entre internationalisation et mondialisation. Revue Tiers Monde, 223, 11-27. https://doi.org/10.3917/rtm.223.0011.

Languille, S. (2015). Écoles secondaires communautaires en Tanzanie : la bataille des notables dans le district de Lushoto. Politique africaine. 139, 101-121. https://doi.org/10.3917/polaf.139.0101.

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Pourtier, R. (2010). L’éducation, enjeu majeur de l'Afrique post-indépendances : Cinquante ans d'enseignement en Afrique : un bilan en demi-teinte. Afrique contemporaine. 235, 101-114. https://doi.org/10.3917/afco.235.0101.

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Date(s)

  • Tuesday, June 10, 2025

Keywords

  • éducation, développement, Sud

Reference Urls

Information source

  • Marilyne Efstathopoulos
    courriel : revdev [at] univ-paris1 [dot] fr

License

CC-BY-4.0 This announcement is licensed under the terms of Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0 .

To cite this announcement

Hicham Jamid, Kévin Mary, « The making of education in the South », Call for papers, Calenda, Published on Friday, June 06, 2025, https://doi.org/10.58079/142d0

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